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This dissertation is accomplished under the inspiration and enlightenment of my respected supervisor Professor Chen Zhi’an. I am extremely grateful to him for his valuable instruction and illuminating suggestions, which helped me a great deal in the process of writing this dissertation. Without his help and guidance, this dissertation would not have been brought to its final form.I am also indebted to all the teachers who have kindly helped me with the studies of my postgraduate courses: Prof. Liu Jiarong, Prof Li Li, Prof Zhou Rong, Prof Liu Jianbo, Prof Xu Anquan and Prof.Wu Xin. Their earnest teaching and enlightening are of great help for my dissertation.Finally, I must express my thanks to the colleagues who helped me to collect the data and offered me valuable advice in calculating the qlata. I should also thank my family for their patience and understanding shown through the whole period during which the dissertation was being written. Without their support, I would not have been able to finish this dissertation.