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汉语动词“怀疑”有两种几乎相反的意义:(1)“不相信”(怀疑(1)),(2)“有点儿相信”或“猜测”(怀疑(2))。此二义项在句法分布上不完全互补,因此有时无法凭借形式线索来消解词汇歧义。本文基于袁毓林(2014)对“NP+怀疑+XP”格式的句法(XP为体词性vs.谓词性)、语义(XP为指称性vs.陈述性)和语用(XP为正面vs.负面)特点的考察,对英语、日语和韩语中跟汉语“怀疑”相对应的动词及相关格式的句法、语义和语用限制的异同进行描写与分析。英语是通过不同的词汇形式“doubt”和“suspect”来分别表示“怀疑(1)”和“怀疑(2)”的;日语一方面通过XP的评价色彩(正面vs.负面)的语用特征,另一方面又通过直接宾语标记「を」和引用标记「と」、XP的语气形式(肯定vs.否定)来区分“疑う(utagau)”和“怪しむ(ayashimu)”的几乎相反的意义;韩语“??(疑心)”的两个义项的差别通过格助词“-?(el)/-?(ko)”的变化来表达,有时也要利用宾语XP的评价色彩。在这四种语言的述宾结构“怀疑类动词+XP”中,“怀疑”类动词的义项区别跟XP的评价色彩有紧密的推导关系。因此,汉英日韩语中的“怀疑”类动词的语义结构及其背后的概念结构近乎一致,都是基于“疑善信恶”的反常思想;并且,语义-概念结构制约了这些语言中“怀疑”类动词的句法组合形式和语义解读方式。
There are two almost opposite meanings of the Chinese verb “skepticism ”: (1) “do not believe ” (suspicion (1)), (2) “a little believe ” or “guess ” 2)). This ambiguity is not completely complementary in the syntactic distribution, so sometimes it is impossible to dispel lexical ambiguity by means of formal clues. Based on Yuan Yulin (2014) ’s syntactic (XP is NP and VP), semantics (XP is referential vs. declarative) and pragmatic (XP is positive vs. negative ) Characteristics of the investigation, the English, Japanese and Korean with the Chinese “Doubt ” corresponding verbs and related format syntax, semantics and pragmatic restrictions described and analyzed the similarities and differences. English is characterized by different vocabularies “doubt ” and “suspect ” to denote “suspicion (1)” and “suspicion (2)”, respectively; vs. Negative), on the other hand distinguishes between “utagau” and “” by the direct object mark “を” and the reference mark “と”, the tone form of XP (positive vs. negative) The almost opposite meaning of “ayashimu” is that the difference between the two senses of Korean “” (suspicion) “is expressed by the change of the lattice auxiliary word” el-ko “ , Sometimes use the object XP evaluation color. In the four languages of the subjectival structure ”doubtful verbs + XP “, the meaning difference of the ”suspect “ class verbs is closely related to the evaluation color of XP. Therefore, the semantic structure of ”doubtful “ verbs in Chinese, English and Japanese are almost the same as the semantic structure behind them, all based on the abnormal thoughts of ”suspicion of good and evil“; and the semantic-conceptual structure restricts these Syntactic Combination and Semantic Interpretation of ”Suspicion" Verbs in Language.