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(一) 在生产高度社会化,商品经济发达的资本主义社会中,生产是无政府状态的。无数的个别生产者每天进行着亿万次的商品交換活动,以求满足自己的生产和个人消费需要,使再生产得以继续进行。这里面究竟有沒有什么规律性的东西呢?资产阶级的古典经济学家曾经探索过这个问题。重农学派的魁奈在这方面曾作出卓越的贡献。他在著名的《经济表》中,用几根粗线表明,社会总产品怎样通过交換,才能在其他条件不变的情况下,使简单再生产即原有规模的再生产进行下去。马思克称赞魁奈的《经济表》包含着“天才的思想”。但是,魁奈把交換仅限于农业和工业两大部门,把农业说成是生产剩余产品的唯一部门,也是唯一的生产领域。这是他的局限性。另一资产阶级古典经济学家斯密把生产领域扩大到工业部门,并初步划分了生产资料生产和消费资料生产之间的界线。但是,由于他缺乏劳动二重性的理论,不懂得具体劳动和抽象劳动的区别,使他在进一步的分析中,把社会总产品价值中相当于C的部分都分解为V+m(即斯密的教条)。这样,在社会总产品的实现中,C的补偿问题消失了。这就堵塞了从理论上分析社会资本再生产规律性的道路,无法对社会资本的再
(1) Production is anarchy in the production of a highly socialized and commodity economy developed capitalist society. Millions of individual producers conduct hundreds of millions of commodity exchanges every day to meet their own production and individual consumption needs so that reproduction can continue. Is there any regularity here? Classical bourgeois economists have explored this issue. Quesnar, the agronomist, made outstanding contributions in this regard. In the famous “economic chart,” he used a few bold lines to show how the social total product can be exchanged only if the total social product is exchanged, so that simple reproduction, that is, the reproduction of the original scale, can proceed without any change in conditions. Masker praised Quesnet’s “economic chart” contains “genius thinking.” However, Quéneté confined its exchange to the two branches of agriculture and industry, claiming agriculture as the sole sector of production of surplus products and the only area of production. This is his limitation. Smith, another bourgeois classical economist, expanded the field of production to the industrial sector and initially divided the line between the production of production and the production of consumption data. However, because of his lack of dualism of labor theory, he did not understand the difference between concrete labor and abstract labor, so that in the further analysis he decomposed the portion of social total product value equivalent to C into V + m dogma). Thus, in the realization of total social product, C’s compensation problem has disappeared. This blocked the theoretical analysis of the law of social capital reproduction of the road, unable to social capital and then