明清时期是中国历史上君主专制制度登峰造极的时代,空前严厉的文化专制抑制了文化思想的发展。一方面是文化专制主义空前强化,突出表现文字狱(秦以来文化的又一次浩劫)、崇正宗灭异端,程朱理学占据统治地位;另一方面,具有市民反叛意识的早期启蒙思潮,以李贽、张琦为代表,受到 The Ming and Qing Dynasties were the culmination of monarchy in Chinese history. The unprecedented severe cultural despotism suppressed the development of cultural thought. On the one hand, the unprecedented increase of cultural despoticism, prominence of literary prison (another havoc since Qin culture), worshiping the true and eliminating the heresy, and Cheng Zhu Neo-Confucianism dominated; on the other hand, with the awareness of the public awareness of early enlightenment, Zhang Qi as the representative, by