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美国宪法第四修正案赋予了人民反对政府不合理搜查和扣押的权利。美国最高法院阐释第四修正案的第三人理论,认为个人对自愿披露给第三人的信息不享有隐私权。该理论一方面影响了美国通讯隐私领域内法律渊源的主要形式,即以制定法调整为主;另一方面,塑造了美国刑事诉讼中通讯隐私的法律轮廓,导致了立法对存储信息与传输中的信息予以不同层级的保护。第三人理论的本质关系到隐私内涵的界定,即隐私是限于信息的秘密性还是与自治、自决等价值相联系。
The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution gives the people the right to oppose the government’s unreasonable search and seizure. The Supreme Court of the United States interpreted the third-person theory of the Fourth Amendment, believing that individuals do not have the right to privacy for information voluntarily disclosed to third parties. On the one hand, this theory has influenced the main form of legal origin in the field of privacy of communications in the United States, that is, the adjustment of the statutory law; on the other hand, it has shaped the legal outline of the privacy of communications in criminal proceedings in the United States, The information to be at different levels of protection. The essence of the third person theory is related to the definition of the connotation of privacy, that is, privacy is limited to the confidentiality of information or to the value of autonomy and self-determination.