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在马克思看来,意识形态只能是统治阶级的意识形态,被统治阶级没有意识形态;由于意识形态的阶级性、政治性,因而意识形态是“虚假的意识”;意识形态表现为哲学、政治、宗教、道德等社会意识形式,是一个思想观念体系。随着社会的发展,对应马克思意识形态概念的三个方面出现了三个“悖论”性观点,意识形态概念的内涵与外延被扩展了。意识形态是虚假的意识,还是真实的认识?是阶级的意识形态,还是非阶级的意识形态?是观念体系,还是实在本身?需要作出回答。对于马克思的意识形态概念,不应该仅仅当作狭义的认识论概念或政治学概念进行理解,而应该从生存论视阈进行深入的理解。从生存论角度看,意识形态就是为一定社会群体定向的意义系统、价值体系,是人类生存和发展的价值需要。
In Marx’s view, ideology can only be the ideology of the ruling class and the ideology of the ruling class has no ideology; because of the class and political nature of ideology, ideology is “false consciousness”; ideology is manifested as philosophy, Political, religious, moral and other social ideology, is a system of ideas and concepts. With the development of society, there are three “paradox” views in three aspects corresponding to the concept of Marx’s ideology. The connotation and extension of the concept of ideology have been extended. Is ideology a false consciousness or a true one? Is it a class ideology or a non-class ideology? Is it an ideological system or an actual one? It needs to be answered. Marx’s concept of ideology should not be understood merely as a narrow concept of epistemology or political science but should be understood in depth from the perspective of existentialism. From the perspective of existentialism, ideology is the meaning system and value system that is oriented to a certain social group, which is the value need of human survival and development.