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一、茶叶生产面临的生态问题茶园作为人工生态系统类型,在人类的强化干预下,与传统茶园生态系统相比发生了下列变化: ①生态系统的组分由复杂变为简单。我国目前有茶园1600多万亩,绝大部分是建国后发展起来的单物种(茶树)的专业化茶园。这些专业化茶园,由于投入了大量劳力、肥料、农药、机械等辅助能量,产量一般较高,也获得了较多的经济效益。但是,这些茶园在丘陵低山地区,少则几十亩,多则数千亩,集中连片,长期无树木遮荫和防护,夏天受烈日暴晒,冬天遭寒风侵袭,生态条件恶劣,自然灾害频繁。有的是在山坡上毁林种茶,水土流失严重,土壤中有机质含量很低,土层浅薄,土地退化。我国目前仍有相当大面积的茶园亩产干茶不到20公斤,这些低产茶园形成的原因很多,其系统内组分单纯而导致生态条件恶化,生态平衡失调也是根本原因之一。②生态系统的能量输入由有机能转向石化能。过
First, the ecological problems facing the tea tea production as an artificial ecosystem types, in the strengthening of human intervention, and traditional tea garden ecosystem undergone the following changes compared to: ① ecosystem components from the complex becomes simple. At present, there are more than 16 million mu of tea plantations in our country, most of which are specialized tea gardens of single species (tea tree) developed after the founding of the People’s Republic. These specialized tea gardens, due to the input of a large amount of labor, fertilizers, pesticides, machinery and other auxiliary energy, yield generally higher, but also obtained more economic benefits. However, these tea gardens are in the hilly low mountainous areas, ranging from a few dozens of mu, as many as thousands of acres, concentrated contiguous, long-term tree-free shade and protection of the summer by the sun exposure, the winter was the winds, poor ecological conditions, natural Frequent disasters. Some are deforestation on the slopes of tea, soil erosion is serious, soil organic matter content is very low, shallow soil, land degradation. At present, there are still a large area of tea plantations in our country with less than 20 kg of dry tea per mu. There are many reasons for these low-yielding tea plantations. The components in the system simply lead to the deterioration of ecological conditions and ecological imbalance is also one of the fundamental reasons. ② Ecosystem energy input can be turned from organic to petrochemical energy. Too