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正是国家意志的单一性和公共性,使个人承认国家的意志也是他自己的意志,从而服从国家意志对自己的权力和力量的调用,保证了国家的统一性。国家作为一个人造统一体也因此与自然上具有多个意志和多个利益的大众相区别。在《论公民》中,霍布斯沿用了传统的支配权概念来理解主权者和臣民之间的关系:臣民只是主权者的私有财产。这种主权理论不仅无法讲出国家意志的公共性,更无法解决臣民与主权者之间的权利转让困境。《利维坦》中的代表与授权关系提供了理解主权者与臣民关系的新视角:臣民授权并放弃使用自己力量的权利给主权代表者;主权者在关涉所有人的自我保存这一公共利益上,有权利代表臣民使用其权利,并要求臣民服从国家的意志,朝向公共利益。代表理论在某种程度上解决了权利转让的困难,也保证了国家意志的单一性和公共性。但是,霍布斯的主权理论始终允许个人可以将国家的公共利益和公共意志还原为个人意志和个人利益,因而无法讲出政治生活的自成一类性。
It is the unity and publicity of the will of the state that makes it possible for an individual to recognize the will of the state as his own will to obey the will of the state to invoke its own power and power and ensure the unity of the state. As a man-made unity, the state thus distinguishes itself from the general public who has multiple wills and multiple interests in nature. In “On Citizenship,” Hobbes followed the traditional concept of dominance to understand the relationship between sovereign and subordinate subjects: the subject matter is the private property of the sovereign. This theory of sovereignty can not only explain the public nature of the will of the state, but can not even solve the plight of the transfer of rights between the subjects and the sovereign. The representative and authoritative relationship in Leviathan provides a new perspective for understanding the relationship between the sovereign and the subjects: the subjects empower and abandon the right to use their own power to the sovereign representative; and the sovereign in the public interest concerning the self-preservation of all Have the right to use their rights on behalf of the subjects, and require the subjects to obey the will of the state and toward the public interest. To a certain extent, the representative theory has solved the difficulties of the right transfer and also ensured the unity and publicity of the state will. However, Hobbes’s theory of sovereignty has always allowed individuals to restore the public interest and public will of the country to personal will and personal interests, thus failing to explain the self-contained nature of political life.