世界现代化进程的历史表明,一个国家欲驶向现代化,作为导航者的领导集团非常关键。然而,自大、愚昧、冷漠、固步自封的清政府,一次又一次失去启动中国早期现代化闸门的机遇。1840年在西方列强枪炮的威逼下,被迫打开国门;然而,清政府统治者不愿牺牲任何自身利益,不但没有经过自身的变革成为现代化的导航人,而且成为早期现代化进程的绊脚石,从而决定了中国走向现代化的艰难。 The history of the world’s modernization shows that it is crucial for a country to lead a modernized leadership group as a navigator. However, the arrogant, ignorant, indifferent and self-reliant Qing government lost time and again the opportunity to start the gate of China’s early modernization. However, the Qing government’s rulers, reluctant to sacrifice their own interests, not only failed to turn themselves into modern navigators but also become stumbling blocks to the process of early modernization, thus making it impossible for them to open their doors. China’s decision to the modernization of the difficult.