贫困是困惑人类发展的世界性难题。中国政府自改革开放20多年来,在消除贫困方面取得了巨大成就,但目前也面临许多新问题,特别是初步解决温饱群众的“返贫”问题、“自然障碍区”特困人口的脱贫问题已成为新世纪反贫困工作的重点。本文以皖西贫困区为例,对贫困与返贫的根源进行系统分析,指出历史遗留问题仍然突出,现行农村土地家庭承包经营政策制约了开发式扶贫的开展,扶贫政策执行难度加大,扶贫项目安排和资金使用中问题严重,自然灾害频繁,灾害抵御能力弱,部分群众生存环境恶劣,贫困区社会问题较突出。在此基础上,论文提出了贫困区社会经济发展与反贫对策。 Poverty is a worldwide problem confusing human development. Since the reform and opening up, the Chinese government has made tremendous achievements in poverty eradication. However, many new problems are still facing the Chinese government. In particular, the Chinese government has initially dealt with the problem of “returning to poverty” and “the natural barrier zone” The issue of poverty alleviation has become the focus of anti-poverty work in the new century. This paper takes Wanxi poverty-stricken area as an example to make a systematic analysis of the causes of poverty and return to poverty. It points out that the problems left over by history remain prominent. The current rural land contract-management policies restrict the development of exploitative poverty alleviation, In the arrangement and use of funds, there are serious problems, frequent natural disasters, weak disaster resistance capability, poor living conditions of some people, and prominent social problems in poor areas. On this basis, the paper puts forward the social and economic development and anti-poverty measures in poverty-stricken areas.