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近期国内学界就产业政策展开了激烈讨论,但远未达成共识。为了厘清概念并做深入的政策比较,从“特惠”视角的分析框架来看,产业政策是针对特定产业、产品和企业的优惠政策,而区域政策则是针对特定地区的优惠政策。产业政策会扭曲要素的产业间配置,要求决策者对各产业的发展前景都有准确把握,而决策层级越高,难度越大。区域政策尽管会导致区域间发展不平衡,但不会扭曲要素的产业间配置,故对决策者的信息要求较低。进一步,区域政策和地区层面的产业政策具有较好的替代性反事实,绩效比较容易考核,而中央层面的产业政策则难以考核。基于上述原因,区域政策和地方层面的产业政策对经济发展起到了重要的推动作用,而中央层面的产业政策却鲜见成功的案例,因此必须再认真深入研究。
Recent domestic academia on industrial policy launched a heated discussion, but far from reaching a consensus. In order to clarify the concept and make in-depth comparison of policies, from the analysis perspective of “ex-gratia” perspective, industrial policy is a preferential policy for specific industries, products and enterprises while regional policies are preferential policies for specific regions. Industrial policy will distort the inter-industrial disposition of factors and require decision-makers to have an accurate grasp of the development prospects of various industries. The higher the decision-making level, the harder it will be. Although regional policies will lead to imbalanced development among regions, they will not distort the inter-industrial disposition of the factors and therefore require less information for decision-makers. Further, the regional policies and the industrial policies at the regional level have better alternatives to counterfactuals, their performance is easier to assess, and the industrial policies at the central level are difficult to assess. Based on the above reasons, regional policies and industrial policies at the local level have played an important role in promoting economic development. However, there are few successful industrial policies at the central level, so they must be studied carefully and in depth.