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清代小说《儒林外史》记载了各式各样的文人交往。通过与传统所倡导的交友之道即忠恕、诚信、从义不从利、适度原则相对照,该小说中的文人交往呈现出如下特点:第一,文本中超过半数的文人交往颠覆了传统;第二,符合传统所倡导的交友之道的文人交往集中在贤人和下层人物身上,而以下层人物为主的交往尤其值得重视;第三,解构与建构交叉进行。本文亦阐述了《儒林外史》中的文人交往之所以会有上述特点的原因:一是与作者的际遇有关;二是与明清两代的友道观念有关;三是与《儒林外史》的选材和写作目的有关。
Qing Dynasty novel “Scholars” recorded a wide range of literati contacts. In the novel, the literati engagement in the novel shows the following characteristics: First, more than half of the literati in the text subvert the tradition; Second, the literati who accorded with the traditional way of making friends focused on the sages and the lower figures, while the contacts based on the following characters were particularly worthy of attention. Third, the deconstruction and construction crossed. This article also elaborates the reasons why the literati exchanges in The Scholars << History of the Scholars >> will have the above characteristics: one is related to the author’s fortune; the other is related to the concept of friendship between Ming and Qing dynasties; the third is related to “ ”The selection and writing purposes.