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一、关联词语用法小结
英语的衔接手段比较丰富，通过使用关联词语来表现文章逻辑关系，是一种重要的表现句与句、段与段之间连贯性的方法，也是一种简单有效加强文章连贯性的方法。
英语句际、句内之间各因素需要用关联词语来连接，缺少这种关联词语就很可能造成语际关系不清、主次不明和意义不突出的结果。句子随意地堆积在一起，就会像一盘散沙，无法表达作者的观点和文章的中心，读者更是不知所云，无法达到沟通的目的。相反，关联词语的恰当使用，可使得文章流畅、自然，易于理解。高考试题对关联词语的考查渗透在各个题型里。不同的关联词表示句子的不同关系，中学英语中最常用的关联词有以下类别：
1) 时间关系： first(ly); second(ly); next; at last; eventually；finally；first of all; to begin with; to start with; to end with; since then; meanwhile; at the same time; at once; immediately; in the end; then; soon; not long after; later; at once; some time ago; at present; all of a sudden; from this time on; from time to time; since then; when; whenever; a few minutes later; as; once; since; occasionally; in a moment
【高考链接】
1. Ive been writing this report for the last two weeks, but it has to be handed tomorrow. (2011浙江13)
A. finally
B. immediately
C. occasionally
D. certainly
【答案】C。
2. As is reported, it is 100 years Qinghua University was founded. (2011四川6)
A. when
B. before
C. after
D. since
【答案】D。
3. If a lot of people say a film is not good, I wont bother to see it, or Ill wait it comes out on DVD. (2011上海36)
A. whether
B. after
C. though
D. until
【答案】D。
2) 因果关系：because; because of this; since; as; for; owing to; due to; for this reason; as a result (of this); therefore; thus; hence; so; so that...
【高考链接】
2011年安徽卷书面表达部分范文：
However, when it is something beyond my competence, I turn to classmates or teachers for help. Sometimes I also ask my parents for advice. As a result, I have made steady progress in my studies.
3) 转折与让步关系：but; however; instead; though; while; even though / if; despite; in spite of
【高考链接】
volleyball is her main focus, shes also great at basketball. (2011北京29)
A. Since
B. Once
C. Unless
D. While
【答案】D。
regular exercise is very important, its never a good idea to exercise too close to bedtime. (2011天津5)
A. It
B. As
C. Although
D. Unless
【答案】C。
4) 并列关系：and; also; too; as well as; either...or...; both...and...
【高考链接】
2011年陕西卷书面表达部分范文：
So I suggest that you take your friends advice. More importantly, let her live like a lovely girl; let her have more friends and social activities; and let her make decisions of her own as we teenagers often do.
5) (补充) 递进关系：furthermore; in this way; not only ... but also ...; in addition (to); besides; in other words; on the one hand..., on the other hand...
【高考链接】
2011年四川卷书面表达部分范文：
Dear friends, please actively take part in afterclass activities, which will not only make your school life colorful, but also improve you learning.
6) 比较与对照关系：likewise; similarly; in the same way; ... rather than ...; yet; still; rather; neither ... nor; unlike; on the contrary; nevertheless; while; instead; on the other hand
【高考链接】
(2011天津9)The young man couldnt afford a new car., he bought a used one.
A. Besides
B. Otherwise
C. Instead
D. Still
【答案】C。
7) 举例关系:for example; for instance; in this / that case; namely; like; as you know; such as; in particular; including...; in this situation; take ... for example; as for; as to; according to; on this occasion
【高考链接】
2011年四川卷书面表达部分范文：
Nowadays, afterclass activities are becoming more and more popular in high schools. In our school, there are various kinds of activities, for example, arts and sports. We enjoy them very much. Playing football and reading stories are my favorites, which do me lots of good.
8) 强调关系：in fact / reality; especially；particularly；in particular; what is more important; above all; certainly; of course; indeed; believe it or not; to be strict; to be true; definitely; undoubtedly; without a doubt; obviously; not only ... but (also...); both... and...; to tell the truth
【高考链接】
（2011安徽24） To be great, you must be smart, confident, and,, honest.
A. therefore
B. above all
C. however
D. after all
【答案】B。
9) 条件关系: if；unless; supposing that; if it is the case; in this sense; once...; if possible; if necessary; if so; if not all; if anything
【高考链接】
2011年湖南卷书面表达部分范文：
As the above picture shows, if every one of us successfully assumed our responsibility, our earth will become a lovely home for human being.
10) 归纳总结类: on the whole; to conclude; to sum up; in conclusion; in short; in brief; in summary; generally speaking
11) 目的关系：for this purpose; in order that; in this way; since; so that; on that account; in case; for the same reason
【高考链接】
He had his camera ready he saw something that would make a good picture. (2011山东28)
A. even if
B. if only
C. in case
D. so that
【答案】C。
关联词语巩固练习
1.高考真题演练
1) I get to Pairs, Ill call you up at the airport.
A. Since
B. While
C. Once
D. Although
2) the headmaster comes, we wont discuss this plan.
A. Unless
B. If not
C. Except
D. Whether
3) Bill must have been away from the office. how many times I phoned him, nobody answered it.
A. Whatever
B. No matter
C. In spite of
D. Though
4) I had been to Beijing long you visited it.
A. before
B. till
C. after
D. when
5) Dont be discouraged you have fallen behind others.
A. whether
B. as if
C. even if
D. however
6) We can get there on time the car doesnt break down.
A. while
B. as long as
C. so that
D. even if
7) the day went on, the weather got worse.
A. With
B. Since
C. As
D. While
8) We shouldnt do that dangerous experimentthe teacher is with us.
A. if not
B. if
C. unless
D. as long as
答案 1)—5) CABAC 6)—8) BCC
2.请找出下面这篇范文中的关联词语并说明它们的用法
Boys and girls:
We high school students do have some growing pains, but we can get rid of them correctly and wisely. First, some of us are upset about their body styles and looks. Its unnecessary and its not important at all. We neednt care about it. It is ones inner beauty that matters. Second, we sometimes seem to be misunderstood by our teachers, parents and classmates. Facing this, we can find a proper time to have a hearttoheart talk with them, trying to remove the misunderstanding. Some of us have fewer friends. I think being open—minded and friendly will do you good. Third, we may fall behind others, which makes us stressed. Actually,we can encourage ourselves to work efficiently, full of determination. Last, some of us dont have much pocket money, so they feel unhappy. Isnt it strange? So long as we have some, thats enough. And we can learn to spend money!
Thats all. Thank you!
二、段落的构成要素（The elements of a paragraph）
段落是文章的构成成分，它是由一系列有内在联系的句子组成的。这些句子不是随意堆积而成的，而是遵循一定的逻辑顺序，和谐、统一地组织在一起，以表达作者的意图、观点。
根据这些句子在段落中的作用，可将其分为主题句 (topic sentence)，扩展句 (developing sentence)和结尾句 (concluding sentence)。这些句子排列组合成一个有机整体，不但要表达同一个中心思想，而且要条理清楚，层次分明。主题句，顾名思义，是代表段落中心思想的句子，大多出现在段落的开头，偶尔也会出现在段落的中间或末尾，出现在段落末尾的主题句一般称为结尾句。段落中的其他句子必须紧紧围绕主题句展开，对之加以阐述，说明，支持或证明，这些句子便是扩展句。
通常情况下，将主题句放在段落的开头有利于段落一层层地向前推进，因此总—分—总的拓展式段落是英语短文中最为普遍的段落结构模式。即以主题句开头，然后用若干个扩展句来支持，论证，解释或说明该主题，最后以一句总结性的陈词来点题。以下是对段落三个组成部分的简单阐述：
1. 主题句 (Topic sentence)
如果说主题是文章的灵魂，那么段落的灵魂就是主题句。主题句是段落的主导思想，是段落阐述的对象。主题句具有高度的概括性，同时又有一定的具体性。缺乏前者文章就会无法展开，而缺乏后者，文章将会言之无物。所以，确定好主题句是理解文章，写好段落的先决条件。
1) 段落主题句的位置及其作用
众所周知，主题句是段落中最重要的句子。它的位置决定了其他句子的位置。主题句的位置有三种：
第一，主题句置于段落开头，其他句子紧随其后。
主题句置于段落开头，其他解释性，论证性句子紧随其后，围绕主题句展开，这是英语写作最常见的写法。这种写法的特点是开门见山、一针见血、切中要害、开宗明义。有助于确定段落的主线，使各个扩展句围绕段落主题自然展开。
第二，主题句置于段落中间。
当文章话题比较死板枯燥时，作者为提高趣味性、可读性，会在开头提个问题，或引经据典，或讲一段有趣故事，接着在段落中间设置主题句。
第三，主题句置于段落的结尾。
主题句置于段落的结尾，是和开门见山的写法反其道而行之的写法。文章娓娓道来、逐步推进、水到渠成地得出结论，可以给读者留下耐心周到、合情合理的印象。
此外，主题句位置的选择也可以是灵活多样的。有时出于行文的需要，作者可以不直接写出主题句，而是通过各种方法暗示给读者，以此来调动读者的想象力与判断力。
主题句往往对全文起提示、启迪、概括、归纳之作用，在阅读中识别主题句，并准确理解其意思，可以帮助我们了解作者的行文思路，分析文章的内容结构，搞清楚各个段落之间的逻辑关系，有利于提高阅读的速度和理解的准确性。例如：
(主题句) There are several factors affecting climate. (扩展句1) One factor is the amount of sunlight received. (扩展句2)Altitude, or the height above sea level, also determines climate. (扩展句3)The oceans have an effect on the climate of nearby land. (扩展句4) In addition, climate is influenced by the general circulation of the atmosphere.
2) 段落主题句的写作方法
主题句是概括性和具体性的统一，它在阐述作者观点和态度时，要求既不笼统又不琐碎。
例如，如果以This paragraph will be about birds. 作主题句，读者就会无法预见文章的要旨，因为它太空泛，缺乏一个确定的中心。可以改为：Pet owners prefer certain species of birds.从而限制了主题的范围。另一方面，如果主题句太具体，只进行自我解释、自我说明，也无法充当主题句。如：I do jogging every morning. 可以改为：Daily jogging is one of the best exercise you can do for your body.改造后的主题句具有一定的概括性。
总之，主题句是概括性、具体性的统一，而概括性、具体性的统一是继续文章段落的基石。
此外，主题句中要包含表达主导思想的词或词组（中心词）。
2. 扩展句 (Supporting sentence)
1) 扩展句的作用
主题句确定后，必须有足够的细节去支持主题句所提出的观点，给出充分、有力的论证,这就是扩展句的任务。扩展句对主题句表达的中心思想或举例说明、或细致描写、或详细解释阐述和论证，使读者能够清晰地理解和信服地接受作者所表达的意思。
2) 扩展句的特点
扩展句是段落的主干部分，是对主题句的中心思想的详细解释，它的特点是：第一、清晰详实；第二、条理分明；第三、内容一致。如：主题句为： Cellphone is one of the most popular means of communication. 那么接下来的扩展句应该要紧跟这个中心意思，有条理地进行阐述：(扩展句1) People make use of it to make an appointment, take a message for others, discuss a question and so on. (扩展句2) People even use it to have a meeting or give a notice.这两句话都说明了手机的社交功能，而且以递进的顺序排列，让读者更好地理解主题句的含义，具有说服力。
3. 结尾句 (Concluding sentence)
结尾句位于段落的末尾，是用一句话将某段落的内容进行归纳总结，引发读者对段落的进一步认识。有的结尾句会使用同义词或近义词重复主题句的中心思想；有的结尾句高度概括段落中所讨论、设计的要点；有的作出评论，发表个人的看法；有的提出问题作为主题句，或发人深省，或引出下一段话题；有的以感想、建议或对未来的预测作为结尾句。
总之，段落结尾句要简明扼要，并符合主题句的主旨，不能简单的重复。
段落构成巩固练习
认真阅读下列文章，分析其结构并填空，每空限填一词：
In China, bicycle is very popular and is welcomed by almost everyone. The reasons are as follows: (1) , a bike is cheap, (2) most people can afford it. A bike costs from only about 200 yuan to 500 yuan. (3) , riding a bike is a good exercise, and it can help us to keep fit. (4) , bikes dont cause air pollution, so that people in a city will have a nice environment to live in. (5) , a bike doesnt need a large parking space. For these reasons, many people in China like a bike very much.
答案 该段第一句为主题句，最后一句为结尾句，其余部分为扩展句。
(1) First (2) and (3) Second (4) Third (5) Finally
（作者：谈红芬，无锡市第三高级中学）
英语的衔接手段比较丰富，通过使用关联词语来表现文章逻辑关系，是一种重要的表现句与句、段与段之间连贯性的方法，也是一种简单有效加强文章连贯性的方法。
英语句际、句内之间各因素需要用关联词语来连接，缺少这种关联词语就很可能造成语际关系不清、主次不明和意义不突出的结果。句子随意地堆积在一起，就会像一盘散沙，无法表达作者的观点和文章的中心，读者更是不知所云，无法达到沟通的目的。相反，关联词语的恰当使用，可使得文章流畅、自然，易于理解。高考试题对关联词语的考查渗透在各个题型里。不同的关联词表示句子的不同关系，中学英语中最常用的关联词有以下类别：
1) 时间关系： first(ly); second(ly); next; at last; eventually；finally；first of all; to begin with; to start with; to end with; since then; meanwhile; at the same time; at once; immediately; in the end; then; soon; not long after; later; at once; some time ago; at present; all of a sudden; from this time on; from time to time; since then; when; whenever; a few minutes later; as; once; since; occasionally; in a moment
【高考链接】
1. Ive been writing this report for the last two weeks, but it has to be handed tomorrow. (2011浙江13)
A. finally
B. immediately
C. occasionally
D. certainly
【答案】C。
2. As is reported, it is 100 years Qinghua University was founded. (2011四川6)
A. when
B. before
C. after
D. since
【答案】D。
3. If a lot of people say a film is not good, I wont bother to see it, or Ill wait it comes out on DVD. (2011上海36)
A. whether
B. after
C. though
D. until
【答案】D。
2) 因果关系：because; because of this; since; as; for; owing to; due to; for this reason; as a result (of this); therefore; thus; hence; so; so that...
【高考链接】
2011年安徽卷书面表达部分范文：
However, when it is something beyond my competence, I turn to classmates or teachers for help. Sometimes I also ask my parents for advice. As a result, I have made steady progress in my studies.
3) 转折与让步关系：but; however; instead; though; while; even though / if; despite; in spite of
【高考链接】
volleyball is her main focus, shes also great at basketball. (2011北京29)
A. Since
B. Once
C. Unless
D. While
【答案】D。
regular exercise is very important, its never a good idea to exercise too close to bedtime. (2011天津5)
A. It
B. As
C. Although
D. Unless
【答案】C。
4) 并列关系：and; also; too; as well as; either...or...; both...and...
【高考链接】
2011年陕西卷书面表达部分范文：
So I suggest that you take your friends advice. More importantly, let her live like a lovely girl; let her have more friends and social activities; and let her make decisions of her own as we teenagers often do.
5) (补充) 递进关系：furthermore; in this way; not only ... but also ...; in addition (to); besides; in other words; on the one hand..., on the other hand...
【高考链接】
2011年四川卷书面表达部分范文：
Dear friends, please actively take part in afterclass activities, which will not only make your school life colorful, but also improve you learning.
6) 比较与对照关系：likewise; similarly; in the same way; ... rather than ...; yet; still; rather; neither ... nor; unlike; on the contrary; nevertheless; while; instead; on the other hand
【高考链接】
(2011天津9)The young man couldnt afford a new car., he bought a used one.
A. Besides
B. Otherwise
C. Instead
D. Still
【答案】C。
7) 举例关系:for example; for instance; in this / that case; namely; like; as you know; such as; in particular; including...; in this situation; take ... for example; as for; as to; according to; on this occasion
【高考链接】
2011年四川卷书面表达部分范文：
Nowadays, afterclass activities are becoming more and more popular in high schools. In our school, there are various kinds of activities, for example, arts and sports. We enjoy them very much. Playing football and reading stories are my favorites, which do me lots of good.
8) 强调关系：in fact / reality; especially；particularly；in particular; what is more important; above all; certainly; of course; indeed; believe it or not; to be strict; to be true; definitely; undoubtedly; without a doubt; obviously; not only ... but (also...); both... and...; to tell the truth
【高考链接】
（2011安徽24） To be great, you must be smart, confident, and,, honest.
A. therefore
B. above all
C. however
D. after all
【答案】B。
9) 条件关系: if；unless; supposing that; if it is the case; in this sense; once...; if possible; if necessary; if so; if not all; if anything
【高考链接】
2011年湖南卷书面表达部分范文：
As the above picture shows, if every one of us successfully assumed our responsibility, our earth will become a lovely home for human being.
10) 归纳总结类: on the whole; to conclude; to sum up; in conclusion; in short; in brief; in summary; generally speaking
11) 目的关系：for this purpose; in order that; in this way; since; so that; on that account; in case; for the same reason
【高考链接】
He had his camera ready he saw something that would make a good picture. (2011山东28)
A. even if
B. if only
C. in case
D. so that
【答案】C。
关联词语巩固练习
1.高考真题演练
1) I get to Pairs, Ill call you up at the airport.
A. Since
B. While
C. Once
D. Although
2) the headmaster comes, we wont discuss this plan.
A. Unless
B. If not
C. Except
D. Whether
3) Bill must have been away from the office. how many times I phoned him, nobody answered it.
A. Whatever
B. No matter
C. In spite of
D. Though
4) I had been to Beijing long you visited it.
A. before
B. till
C. after
D. when
5) Dont be discouraged you have fallen behind others.
A. whether
B. as if
C. even if
D. however
6) We can get there on time the car doesnt break down.
A. while
B. as long as
C. so that
D. even if
7) the day went on, the weather got worse.
A. With
B. Since
C. As
D. While
8) We shouldnt do that dangerous experimentthe teacher is with us.
A. if not
B. if
C. unless
D. as long as
答案 1)—5) CABAC 6)—8) BCC
2.请找出下面这篇范文中的关联词语并说明它们的用法
Boys and girls:
We high school students do have some growing pains, but we can get rid of them correctly and wisely. First, some of us are upset about their body styles and looks. Its unnecessary and its not important at all. We neednt care about it. It is ones inner beauty that matters. Second, we sometimes seem to be misunderstood by our teachers, parents and classmates. Facing this, we can find a proper time to have a hearttoheart talk with them, trying to remove the misunderstanding. Some of us have fewer friends. I think being open—minded and friendly will do you good. Third, we may fall behind others, which makes us stressed. Actually,we can encourage ourselves to work efficiently, full of determination. Last, some of us dont have much pocket money, so they feel unhappy. Isnt it strange? So long as we have some, thats enough. And we can learn to spend money!
Thats all. Thank you!
二、段落的构成要素（The elements of a paragraph）
段落是文章的构成成分，它是由一系列有内在联系的句子组成的。这些句子不是随意堆积而成的，而是遵循一定的逻辑顺序，和谐、统一地组织在一起，以表达作者的意图、观点。
根据这些句子在段落中的作用，可将其分为主题句 (topic sentence)，扩展句 (developing sentence)和结尾句 (concluding sentence)。这些句子排列组合成一个有机整体，不但要表达同一个中心思想，而且要条理清楚，层次分明。主题句，顾名思义，是代表段落中心思想的句子，大多出现在段落的开头，偶尔也会出现在段落的中间或末尾，出现在段落末尾的主题句一般称为结尾句。段落中的其他句子必须紧紧围绕主题句展开，对之加以阐述，说明，支持或证明，这些句子便是扩展句。
通常情况下，将主题句放在段落的开头有利于段落一层层地向前推进，因此总—分—总的拓展式段落是英语短文中最为普遍的段落结构模式。即以主题句开头，然后用若干个扩展句来支持，论证，解释或说明该主题，最后以一句总结性的陈词来点题。以下是对段落三个组成部分的简单阐述：
1. 主题句 (Topic sentence)
如果说主题是文章的灵魂，那么段落的灵魂就是主题句。主题句是段落的主导思想，是段落阐述的对象。主题句具有高度的概括性，同时又有一定的具体性。缺乏前者文章就会无法展开，而缺乏后者，文章将会言之无物。所以，确定好主题句是理解文章，写好段落的先决条件。
1) 段落主题句的位置及其作用
众所周知，主题句是段落中最重要的句子。它的位置决定了其他句子的位置。主题句的位置有三种：
第一，主题句置于段落开头，其他句子紧随其后。
主题句置于段落开头，其他解释性，论证性句子紧随其后，围绕主题句展开，这是英语写作最常见的写法。这种写法的特点是开门见山、一针见血、切中要害、开宗明义。有助于确定段落的主线，使各个扩展句围绕段落主题自然展开。
第二，主题句置于段落中间。
当文章话题比较死板枯燥时，作者为提高趣味性、可读性，会在开头提个问题，或引经据典，或讲一段有趣故事，接着在段落中间设置主题句。
第三，主题句置于段落的结尾。
主题句置于段落的结尾，是和开门见山的写法反其道而行之的写法。文章娓娓道来、逐步推进、水到渠成地得出结论，可以给读者留下耐心周到、合情合理的印象。
此外，主题句位置的选择也可以是灵活多样的。有时出于行文的需要，作者可以不直接写出主题句，而是通过各种方法暗示给读者，以此来调动读者的想象力与判断力。
主题句往往对全文起提示、启迪、概括、归纳之作用，在阅读中识别主题句，并准确理解其意思，可以帮助我们了解作者的行文思路，分析文章的内容结构，搞清楚各个段落之间的逻辑关系，有利于提高阅读的速度和理解的准确性。例如：
(主题句) There are several factors affecting climate. (扩展句1) One factor is the amount of sunlight received. (扩展句2)Altitude, or the height above sea level, also determines climate. (扩展句3)The oceans have an effect on the climate of nearby land. (扩展句4) In addition, climate is influenced by the general circulation of the atmosphere.
2) 段落主题句的写作方法
主题句是概括性和具体性的统一，它在阐述作者观点和态度时，要求既不笼统又不琐碎。
例如，如果以This paragraph will be about birds. 作主题句，读者就会无法预见文章的要旨，因为它太空泛，缺乏一个确定的中心。可以改为：Pet owners prefer certain species of birds.从而限制了主题的范围。另一方面，如果主题句太具体，只进行自我解释、自我说明，也无法充当主题句。如：I do jogging every morning. 可以改为：Daily jogging is one of the best exercise you can do for your body.改造后的主题句具有一定的概括性。
总之，主题句是概括性、具体性的统一，而概括性、具体性的统一是继续文章段落的基石。
此外，主题句中要包含表达主导思想的词或词组（中心词）。
2. 扩展句 (Supporting sentence)
1) 扩展句的作用
主题句确定后，必须有足够的细节去支持主题句所提出的观点，给出充分、有力的论证,这就是扩展句的任务。扩展句对主题句表达的中心思想或举例说明、或细致描写、或详细解释阐述和论证，使读者能够清晰地理解和信服地接受作者所表达的意思。
2) 扩展句的特点
扩展句是段落的主干部分，是对主题句的中心思想的详细解释，它的特点是：第一、清晰详实；第二、条理分明；第三、内容一致。如：主题句为： Cellphone is one of the most popular means of communication. 那么接下来的扩展句应该要紧跟这个中心意思，有条理地进行阐述：(扩展句1) People make use of it to make an appointment, take a message for others, discuss a question and so on. (扩展句2) People even use it to have a meeting or give a notice.这两句话都说明了手机的社交功能，而且以递进的顺序排列，让读者更好地理解主题句的含义，具有说服力。
3. 结尾句 (Concluding sentence)
结尾句位于段落的末尾，是用一句话将某段落的内容进行归纳总结，引发读者对段落的进一步认识。有的结尾句会使用同义词或近义词重复主题句的中心思想；有的结尾句高度概括段落中所讨论、设计的要点；有的作出评论，发表个人的看法；有的提出问题作为主题句，或发人深省，或引出下一段话题；有的以感想、建议或对未来的预测作为结尾句。
总之，段落结尾句要简明扼要，并符合主题句的主旨，不能简单的重复。
段落构成巩固练习
认真阅读下列文章，分析其结构并填空，每空限填一词：
In China, bicycle is very popular and is welcomed by almost everyone. The reasons are as follows: (1) , a bike is cheap, (2) most people can afford it. A bike costs from only about 200 yuan to 500 yuan. (3) , riding a bike is a good exercise, and it can help us to keep fit. (4) , bikes dont cause air pollution, so that people in a city will have a nice environment to live in. (5) , a bike doesnt need a large parking space. For these reasons, many people in China like a bike very much.
答案 该段第一句为主题句，最后一句为结尾句，其余部分为扩展句。
(1) First (2) and (3) Second (4) Third (5) Finally
（作者：谈红芬，无锡市第三高级中学）