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摘要:洪涝灾害是当今世界上最主要实物自然灾害之一。我国是世界上洪涝灾害发生最频繁的国家之一,有2/3的国图面积、半数以上的人口、35%的耕地、2/3的工农业总产值受到洪水的严重影响。由于洪水对人民生命财产、国民经济建设构成严重威胁,影响社会、经济的稳定和发展,因此江河防洪古往今来都是关系人民安危和国家兴衰的大事。从某种意义上进,我国的历史也是一部人民与洪水抗争的历史。在这漫漫历史长河中,我国人民积累了丰富的抗洪经验;特别是新中国成立以后,我国积极进行江河治理和防洪工程建设,取得了巨大的成就。但是,近年来人口增长和经济发展迅速、人类对自然界的开发进一步加剧、城市化进程明显加快,致使全球性气候变暖、水资源和水环境问题日益突出,造成新时期的防洪形势更加严峻,防洪任务也更加繁重。由此可见,防洪将是一项长期持久的斗争。为了有效地抗御洪水,使洪灾带来的损失减小到最低程度,我们必须清楚地了解洪水,认识洪水,并且掌握防洪的基本知识。
关键词:洪水灾害;防治措施
Flood disaster and prevention measures
Zuo re gu li•sai mai ti
Abstract: The floods are the most important kind of natural disasters in the world today.Our country one of the world floods occur most frequently, 2/3 of the country map area, more than half of the population, 35% of the arable land, 2/3 of the total output value of industry and agriculture severely affected by floods.Floods pose a serious threat to people's lives and property, national economic construction, social and economic stability and development, and therefore the relationship between people's safety and national prosperity are big river flood control through the ages.From some sense into the history of our country's history is also a people with the flood fight.In the long course of history, our people have accumulated rich experience of flood-fighting; especially after the founding of New China, China actively harnessing of rivers and construction of flood control projects, and take a huge achievement.However, in recent years, population growth and rapid economic development, the development of human nature is further exacerbated markedly accelerated the process of urbanization, resulting in global warming, bad environment, water resources and water problems have become increasingly prominent, resulting in the new era of the flood situation is even more severe flood control task more arduous.This shows that the flood control will be a long-lasting struggle.Order to effectively resist the flood, the losses caused by the floods is reduced to a minimum, we must clearly understand the flood to recognize flood, and to master the basic knowledge of the flood control.
Key words: flood disasters; prevention measures
1.洪水灾害
洪水是一种自然水文现象。暴雨、急骤融冰化雪、风暴潮等自然因素引起的江河湖海水量迅速增加或水位讯猛上涨,就形成洪水。而当洪水超过人们的防洪能力时,就会给人类生产、生活和生命财产造成危害和损失,这就是洪水灾害。我国幅员辽阔,形成洪水的气候和自然地理条件千差万别,影响洪水形成过程的人类活动情况也各不相同,因而具有多种类型的洪水。按成因不同,我国的洪水可分为暴雨洪水(含山洪、泥石流)、风暴潮、冰凌洪水、冰川洪水、融雪洪水和溃坝洪水等多种类型。虽然上述各种类型的洪水均有发生,但主要还是暴雨洪水。历年严重的洪水灾害主要是暴雨洪水造成的,其次是风暴潮、冰凌洪水等。
洪水灾害是可持续发展的重要制约因素,严重影响国家或地区的自然生态、经济和社会的可持续发展。频繁的洪灾破坏了原有的自然生系统,影响了农业生产的发展,也威胁到了动物和植物的生存,同时也破坏了原有的水利和饮水系统,使水质恶化,影响到人类的生存坏境。不仅如此,洪灾害直接威胁洪泛区人民的生命财产安全茉田减产或绝收、房屋倒塌、工厂停产或破坏、交通中断,给当地的经济带来巨大的损失。洪灾往往还导致人民生活坏境的重大改变,引起诸多社会问题,进而影响国家经济收人乃至国民经济政策和国家重大方针的调整。
确定洪灾的发生必须具备三个条件:一是存在诱发洪灾的主因,即灾害性洪水;二是存在洪水危害的对象,即洪水淹没区内有人巨往或分布有社会财产,并因被洪水淹没受到了损害;三是人们在洪灾威胁面前,采取回避、适应或防御洪水的对策。由此可见,影响洪水灾害的因素可归结为自然因素和社会因素两个方面。天气系统的变化、暴雨时间和地堿分布的不均匀、热带风暴和台风的影响、地形地貌的变化等称为自然因素,是产生洪水、形成洪灾的根源。但洪水灾害的不断加重却是社会经济发展的结果,谓之社会因素。
洪水成灾是由于洪峰流量超过了河床的安全泄量,水位被迫壅高二超过了安全洪水位,或冲决堤防,从而泛成灾。由此可见,防洪的主要任务是:按照规定的防洪标准,因地制宜地采取恰当的工程措施,以削减洪峰流量,或者加大河床的过水能力,并加固堤防,以在遇到不超过设计洪水的洪峰时,下泄洪水流量不超过河床的安全泄量,确保堤防安全度汛。
各种防洪措施要因地制宜地兼施并用,互相配合。往往是全流域上、中、下游统一规划,蓄泄兼筹,综合治理,还要尽量兼顾水利部门的需要。在先择防洪措施方案以及决定工程主要参数时,都应进行必要的计算,并在此基础上进行一定的方案分析比较,切忌草率从事。防洪措施可分为工程措施与非工程措施两大类。防洪工程措施主要包括建设控制工程,建设堤防工程与整治江河湖泊,划定蓄滞洪区与洪泛区,治理水土流失,防治山洪灾害,治涝工程;防洪非工程措施主要包括流域防洪减灾体系联合调度以及其他建设工程防洪减灾措施等。
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【文章编号】1627-6868(2013)03-0103-02
关键词:洪水灾害;防治措施
Flood disaster and prevention measures
Zuo re gu li•sai mai ti
Abstract: The floods are the most important kind of natural disasters in the world today.Our country one of the world floods occur most frequently, 2/3 of the country map area, more than half of the population, 35% of the arable land, 2/3 of the total output value of industry and agriculture severely affected by floods.Floods pose a serious threat to people's lives and property, national economic construction, social and economic stability and development, and therefore the relationship between people's safety and national prosperity are big river flood control through the ages.From some sense into the history of our country's history is also a people with the flood fight.In the long course of history, our people have accumulated rich experience of flood-fighting; especially after the founding of New China, China actively harnessing of rivers and construction of flood control projects, and take a huge achievement.However, in recent years, population growth and rapid economic development, the development of human nature is further exacerbated markedly accelerated the process of urbanization, resulting in global warming, bad environment, water resources and water problems have become increasingly prominent, resulting in the new era of the flood situation is even more severe flood control task more arduous.This shows that the flood control will be a long-lasting struggle.Order to effectively resist the flood, the losses caused by the floods is reduced to a minimum, we must clearly understand the flood to recognize flood, and to master the basic knowledge of the flood control.
Key words: flood disasters; prevention measures
1.洪水灾害
洪水是一种自然水文现象。暴雨、急骤融冰化雪、风暴潮等自然因素引起的江河湖海水量迅速增加或水位讯猛上涨,就形成洪水。而当洪水超过人们的防洪能力时,就会给人类生产、生活和生命财产造成危害和损失,这就是洪水灾害。我国幅员辽阔,形成洪水的气候和自然地理条件千差万别,影响洪水形成过程的人类活动情况也各不相同,因而具有多种类型的洪水。按成因不同,我国的洪水可分为暴雨洪水(含山洪、泥石流)、风暴潮、冰凌洪水、冰川洪水、融雪洪水和溃坝洪水等多种类型。虽然上述各种类型的洪水均有发生,但主要还是暴雨洪水。历年严重的洪水灾害主要是暴雨洪水造成的,其次是风暴潮、冰凌洪水等。
洪水灾害是可持续发展的重要制约因素,严重影响国家或地区的自然生态、经济和社会的可持续发展。频繁的洪灾破坏了原有的自然生系统,影响了农业生产的发展,也威胁到了动物和植物的生存,同时也破坏了原有的水利和饮水系统,使水质恶化,影响到人类的生存坏境。不仅如此,洪灾害直接威胁洪泛区人民的生命财产安全茉田减产或绝收、房屋倒塌、工厂停产或破坏、交通中断,给当地的经济带来巨大的损失。洪灾往往还导致人民生活坏境的重大改变,引起诸多社会问题,进而影响国家经济收人乃至国民经济政策和国家重大方针的调整。
确定洪灾的发生必须具备三个条件:一是存在诱发洪灾的主因,即灾害性洪水;二是存在洪水危害的对象,即洪水淹没区内有人巨往或分布有社会财产,并因被洪水淹没受到了损害;三是人们在洪灾威胁面前,采取回避、适应或防御洪水的对策。由此可见,影响洪水灾害的因素可归结为自然因素和社会因素两个方面。天气系统的变化、暴雨时间和地堿分布的不均匀、热带风暴和台风的影响、地形地貌的变化等称为自然因素,是产生洪水、形成洪灾的根源。但洪水灾害的不断加重却是社会经济发展的结果,谓之社会因素。
洪水成灾是由于洪峰流量超过了河床的安全泄量,水位被迫壅高二超过了安全洪水位,或冲决堤防,从而泛成灾。由此可见,防洪的主要任务是:按照规定的防洪标准,因地制宜地采取恰当的工程措施,以削减洪峰流量,或者加大河床的过水能力,并加固堤防,以在遇到不超过设计洪水的洪峰时,下泄洪水流量不超过河床的安全泄量,确保堤防安全度汛。
各种防洪措施要因地制宜地兼施并用,互相配合。往往是全流域上、中、下游统一规划,蓄泄兼筹,综合治理,还要尽量兼顾水利部门的需要。在先择防洪措施方案以及决定工程主要参数时,都应进行必要的计算,并在此基础上进行一定的方案分析比较,切忌草率从事。防洪措施可分为工程措施与非工程措施两大类。防洪工程措施主要包括建设控制工程,建设堤防工程与整治江河湖泊,划定蓄滞洪区与洪泛区,治理水土流失,防治山洪灾害,治涝工程;防洪非工程措施主要包括流域防洪减灾体系联合调度以及其他建设工程防洪减灾措施等。
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【文章编号】1627-6868(2013)03-0103-02