论文部分内容阅读
一个社会总有一些公共事业。这些事业是维持社会正常运行所必需的。其中有的属于直接生产领域,如农田水利;有的虽不属直接生产领域,但与生产关系密切,如交通(交通在近代以后发展为一物质生产部门,在清前期尚未形成独立行业)、储备、救荒等;有的则与生产无关。本文考察的正是前两类(以下所称公共事业即指这两类)。“公共事业”一词的含义及其与生产的关系都随着社会经济与生活的发展、社会交往的扩大而变化发展。本文以清前期为准,主要包括农田水利、河道海塘、桥路、储备、救荒几项事业。
There is always some public utility in a society. These businesses are necessary to maintain normal social functioning. Some of them belong to direct production areas, such as farmland water conservancy. Although not directly involved in production, some are closely related to production such as transportation (transportation has developed into a material production department in the late modern era and no separate industry has yet been formed in the early Qing period) Reserve, rescue, etc .; while others have nothing to do with production. This article examines the first two categories (hereinafter referred to as the public utilities that these two categories). The meaning of the term “public utility” and its relation with production all change with the development of social economy and life and the expansion of social interaction. This article is based on the early Qing period, mainly including farmland water conservancy, river and seawalls, bridges, reserves, rescue several projects.