生物体各组织的DNA中储存着维持正常生命活性所必须的信息。电离辐射、紫外辐射等外源性因素和内源性自由基会引起DNA糖环或碱基的改变以及DNA链的断裂,导致DNA损伤,引发衰老、细胞死亡、癌症、神经退行性疾病等。本文主要从氢原子夺取、电子加成、碱基电离和氢原子加成4种重要的核酸损伤机理回顾了DNA的损伤过程,着重评述了自由基夺氢和电子加成诱导的DNA损伤过程,旨在对DNA的损伤过程有全面理解,以期为后期实验提供理论基础。 Organisms DNA in organisms store the information they need to maintain normal life activity. Exogenous factors such as ionizing radiation, ultraviolet radiation and endogenous free radicals cause DNA sugar ring or base changes and DNA strand breaks leading to DNA damage, senescence, cell death, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and the like. In this paper, four kinds of important nucleic acid damage mechanisms, such as hydrogen atom abstraction, electron addition, base ionization and hydrogen addition, are reviewed. The damage process of DNA is reviewed. The DNA damage induced by hydrogen abstraction and electron addition of free radicals is reviewed. The purpose is to have a comprehensive understanding of DNA damage process in order to provide a theoretical basis for later experiments.