自首次从石墨中剥离出石墨烯以来,只有原子级厚度的层状(或二维)材料因其丰富奇特的物性占据着当今凝聚态物理和材料科学的中心舞台。不断扩大的二维材料家族,包括石墨烯、硅烯、磷烯、硼烯、六方氮化硼、过渡金属二硫族化合物、甚至强拓扑绝缘体等,不仅每个成员有其鲜明的个性,如独特的物性与制备方法,而且整个大家族又有其共性,如单层材料与衬底之间、层与层之间几乎都是依赖弱的范德瓦尔斯力耦合在一起。对任一个二维家族成员的深层理解,都可能对真正走进这一大家族有普适性价值。文章首先介绍范德瓦尔斯层状材料非平衡外延生长中常常遇到的主要原子过程和相应的形貌演化;进一步讨论范德瓦尔斯相互作用在二维材料横向或垂直堆叠的异质结中的重要性。在原子尺度的生长机理之外,也围绕二维材料的物性优化与功能化简要介绍一些最新进展,具体例子覆盖光学、电学、自旋电子学、催化等领域。 Since graphene was first peeled off from graphite, only laminar (or two-dimensional) materials of atomic thickness have dominated today’s condensed matter physics and materials science due to their rich and unusual physical properties. An expanding family of two-dimensional materials, including graphene, silanes, phosphanes, borane, hexagonal boron nitride, transition metal disulfides, and even strong topological insulators, not only each has its own distinctive personality such as Unique physical properties and preparation methods, but also the commonalities of the whole family. For example, the van der Waals forces between the single-layer material and the substrate are almost all dependent on weakness. A deep understanding of any two-dimensional family member may have universal value for truly entering the big family. The article first introduces the main atomic processes and the corresponding morphological evolution frequently encountered in the unbalanced epitaxial growth of the van der Waals layered materials; and further discusses the van der Waals interaction in heterojunction stacking two-dimensional materials laterally or vertically The importance of In addition to the growth mechanism at the atomic scale, some recent developments are also focused on the physical properties optimization and functionalization of 2D materials. Specific examples cover the fields of optics, electronics, spintronics, and catalysis.