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19世纪末期,世界资本主义由自由竞争进入垄断阶段,加剧了对世界市场的掠夺。“在殖民政策的无数‘旧的’动机以外,金融资本又增加了争夺原料来源,争夺资本输出,争夺势力范围(即进行有利的交易、取得租让、取得垄断利润等等的范围)以及争夺一般经济领土等等的动机。”宗主国对殖民地半殖民地的经济掠夺手段由商品输出为主转变为资本输出为主。这一时期,中国的社会经济也呈现出这种变化。近代工业化的一般程序是首先发展交通业,其中作为”交通之甲”(孙中山语)的铁路举足轻重,深刻影响着一个国家或一个地区经济和社会的发展。采矿业是大机器工业
By the late 19th century, world capitalism entered the monopoly stage by free competition, which intensified the plunder of world markets. “In addition to the myriad” old “motives of colonial policy, financial capital has increased competition for raw materials sources, capital outflows, competition for the sphere of influence (that is, the scope for favorable transactions, acquisition concessions, monopoly profits, etc.) and competition General economic territory, etc. Motives of the sovereign state over the economic plunder of the colonial and semi-colonial countries shifted from the export of commodities to the capital output. During this period, China’s social economy also showed such a change. The general procedure of modern industrialization is to first develop the transportation industry. Among them, the railway as the ”traffic A" (Sun Yat-sen) plays a decisive role and profoundly affects the economic and social development of a country or a region. Mining is a big machine industry