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经济学上的利他主义是指个体为另一个人的财富或权利牺牲自己财富或权利的行为。深受达尔文主义影响的新古典经济学将“自利的经济人”假设,作为研究对象固有的行为范式。但是,这种范式一旦应用于具有明显公共物品属性的环境资源配置时,其天生的弱点就显露无遗了。本文通过重构产权主体行为范式,论证具有利他倾向的产权主体是突破环境权实现困境的唯一有效途径。利他者的利他行为可以有效破解环境权在界定、保护和转让方面的困境;这种行为范式不仅是存在的,更是可复制的;为了更好的保证利他行为,利他者角色的承担、背叛者的惩戒、合作者的补偿和利他行为的复制是实践中亟须解决的问题。
Economic altruism refers to an individual sacrificing his own fortune or rights for the other’s wealth or rights. Neoclassical economics, deeply influenced by Darwinism, uses the assumption of “self-serving economic man” as an inherent paradigm for the study. However, once the paradigm is applied to the allocation of environmental resources with obvious attributes of public goods, its inherent weakness is revealed. By reconstructing the behavior paradigm of property rights, this article argues that the property rights subject with altruistic tendency is the only effective way to break the plight of environmental rights. Altruism’s altruistic behavior can effectively solve the dilemma of environmental rights in terms of definition, protection and transfer. This paradigm of behavior is not only existent but also replicable. In order to better ensure the altruistic behavior, the altruist’s role is betrayed The disciplinary punishment, the compensation of partners and the alienation of altruistic behavior are problems that must be solved in practice.