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牛顿力学的成功,确立了这样一个信念,因果性等同于必然性,也等同于确定性。休谟尽管质疑因果律背后的逻辑基础,但并不怀疑因果律与必然性的对应。此后,偶然性被排除在因果律之外,因为它代表原因不明,结果不定。就原因引出结果而言,偶然性应当是因果性的一种。偶然性的含义非常丰富,分别指:(1)确定的原因带来不确定的结果,如混沌现象,有时它也表现为统计定律;(2)结构与功能之间的非对应关系,这尤其体现在生物体适应性状的由来之中;(3)独立事件的相交,这也可表述为原因与结果的非恒常结合,尤其是体现在历史事件当中,如生物进化史,就自然选择而言,它带来必然结果,因此是一种科学理论,具有可预测性;但生物的演化轨迹却是不可测的,不仅因为变异性状的出现具有偶然性,还因为诸多独立事件的相交具有非恒常结合的特点,因此,偶然性不可驯服。
The success of Newtonian mechanics established the conviction that causality equates with necessity and also with certainty. Although Hume questioned the logical basis behind the causality, he did not doubt the correspondence of causality and necessity. Since then, chance has been excluded from the law of causation, because it represents an unknown cause and an uncertain result. For reasons that lead to results, chance should be a causal. Incidental meaning is very rich, respectively, referring to: (1) determine the causes of uncertain results, such as chaos, and sometimes it also showed statistical laws; (2) structure and function of the non-correspondence between, in particular, embodied (3) the intersection of independent events, which can also be expressed as the unsustainable combination of causes and consequences, especially in historical events, such as the history of biological evolution, in terms of natural selection, It has the necessary result, so it is a kind of scientific theory with predictability. However, the evolutionary path of biology is unpredictable, not only because of the contingency of the emergence of variation traits, but also because of the non-constant combination of the intersections of many independent events Characteristics, therefore, can not be tampered with accidental.