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水文科学的发展,从十七世纪早期的经验判断,到后来的定性描述,是随着生产的需要及基础科学和基础技术的发展而不断发展起来的。但科学水文的真正的进展——即水文的定量研究,则终于十九世纪中叶,随着近代交通事业、铁路的兴建而才发展了如小流域洪水估算的各种方法和经验公式。到十九世纪末叶,城市建设的飞速发展,要求城市排水的科学设计,促使水文的定量化研究更向前发展,并出现了估计洪峰流量的合理化公式。与此同时的 Ripple 的水库库容计算方法也已提出。在机构上,1879年开始设立国家地质调查局。十
The development of hydrological science, from the experience judgment of the early seventeenth century to the later qualitative description, has been constantly developed in response to the needs of production and the development of basic sciences and basic technologies. However, the real progress of science and hydrology, that is, the quantitative study of hydrology, finally developed various methods and empirical formulas for estimating floods in small watersheds with the construction of modern transportation and railways in the mid-nineteenth century. By the end of the nineteenth century, the rapid development of urban construction required that the scientific design of urban drainage should promote the quantitative study of hydrology even further, and a reasonable formula for estimating peak flow appeared. At the same time, Ripple’s reservoir volume calculation method has also been proposed. At the institution, the National Geological Survey was started in 1879. ten