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天然免疫系统通过模式识别受体(PRR)识别病毒、细菌等病原体的病原体相关分子模式(PAMP),进而启动天然免疫反应、帮助机体清除入侵病原体。视黄酸诱导基因1(RIG-1)样受体(RLR)是PRR中具有DEx D/H-box RNA解螺旋酶结构域的一类受体,目前发现的RLR包括视黄酸诱导基因1(RIG-1/DDX58)、黑素瘤分化相关分子5(MDA5/IFIH1)和遗传学和生理学实验室蛋白2(LGP2/DHX58)。它们参与多种机体生理和病理过程,如抗病毒反应、自身免疫性疾病、肿瘤,其主要功能是识别病毒的寡聚核糖核苷酸,激活线粒体抗病毒信号蛋白[MAVS(IPS-1/VISA/cardif)]等关键接头分子,最终导致转录因子干扰素诱导因子3(IRF3)和核因子κB(NF-κB)活化,诱导1型干扰素和炎性细胞因子,从而介导宿主抗病毒免疫。本文重点阐述RLR在抗病毒免疫反应中识别RNA机制的研究进展。
The natural immune system recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of viruses, bacteria and other pathogens through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which in turn initiate innate immune responses that help the body clear invading pathogens. The retinoic acid inducible gene 1 (RLR) receptor is a type of receptor that has a DEx D / H-box RNA helicase domain in PRR. The presently discovered RLRs include the retinoic acid-inducible 1 RIG-1 / DDX58, MDA5 / IFIH1 and LGP2 / DHX58. They are involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes in the body, such as antiviral responses, autoimmune diseases, and tumors, whose primary function is to recognize the viral oligoribonucleotides that activate mitochondrial antiviral signaling proteins [MAVS (IPS-1 / VISA / cardif)] and other key linker molecules, eventually leading to activation of transcription factor interferon-inducible factor 3 (IRF3) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), inducing type 1 interferons and inflammatory cytokines, thereby mediating host anti-viral immunity . This article focuses on the research progress of RLR in RNA recognition in antiviral immune response.