一直以来人们认为医学是一门实践学科，临床经验是最重要的。它评价药物或非药物治疗所用的指标是临床替代终点(高血压、血流动力学、血生化指标等)而非预后终点(如总死亡率，生活质量和成本－效益比等)。近年来，国际许多大型临床试验表明许多对临床替代指标有明显治疗效果的 People always think that medicine is a practical discipline, and clinical experience is the most important. It assesses that the index used for drug or non-drug therapy is a surrogate endpoint (hypertension, hemodynamics, blood biochemical markers, etc.) rather than the endpoint of the prognosis (such as total mortality, quality of life, cost-benefit ratio, etc.). In recent years, many large international clinical trials have shown that many of the indicators of clinical surgeries have obvious therapeutic effect