OBJECTIVE To evaluate how arterial infusion chemotherapy after radical surgery influences long-term survival of patients with pathologic T3 (pT3) esophageal squamous carcinoma.METHODS We divided 190 patients with pathologic pT3 esophageal squamous carcinoma, confirmed by consecutive radical surgery, into an experimental group (surgery + intra-arterial infusion, 56 T3N0M0 and 52 T3N1M0 cases), and the remaining patients into a control group (surgery alone, 48 T3N0M0 and 34 T3N1M0 cases). The experimental group was sub-grouped into 56 cases (26 T3N0M0 and 30 T3N1M0 cases) receiving 1 or 2 periods of chemotherapy, while 52 cases (30 T3N0M0 and 22 T3N1M0 cases) underwent 3 or more than 3 periods of chemotherapy. We used one to seven courses of selected arterial infusion chemotherapy of cisplatin (80 mg/m2 of body-surface area) and fluorouracil (800 mg/m2) with or without epirubicin at 3～4 weeks post operation. The interval between each period was 3～4 weeks. All cases were followed-up for more than 5 years. Survival rates were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier methods and survival differences between patients with and without selected arterial infusion chemotherapy were compared with the Log-rank test. Prognostic variables were entered into a Cox regression analysis model controlling for age, site, lymph node status, and treatment received.RESULTS The overall survival rates were not significantly different between the experimental group and the control group, but there was better survival for patients who received 3 or more than 3 courses of chemotherapy. Lymph node status (N) was an important factor in the prognosis.CONCLUSION Trans-catheter arterial infusion chemotherapy is a safe and effective method of therapy. Postoperative selective arterial infusion chemotherapy can improve the survival rate in patients with esophageal squamous carcinoma who were previously treated by radical surgery.However, this modality of therapy needs further investigation.