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为降低云南冬春干旱给旱区农作物带来的农业损失,在云南省马铃薯种植面积较大的曲靖市开展了免耕覆盖栽培试验,试验设置了5种处理:翻耕种植(CK)、翻耕地膜覆盖(处理2)、免耕+玉米秸秆覆盖(处理3)、免耕+玉米秸秆覆盖+宽行地膜覆盖(处理4)、免耕+玉米秸秆覆盖+套种玉米(处理5),分析不同处理对耕层土壤含水率、土壤储水量、马铃薯出苗率、农艺性状和产量的影响,并对其经济效益进行评价。结果表明:马铃薯主要生育期覆盖栽培模式的耕层土壤含水率和土壤储水量都高于CK;覆盖栽培模式的马铃薯出苗率均显著高于CK,处理4的马铃薯出苗率最高,为96.7%。处理4和处理5马铃薯株高与CK及常规种植模式处理2差异显著;处理3、处理4和处理5马铃薯地上部生物量显著高于CK及常规种植模式处理2;处理3和处理4马铃薯商品率显著高于CK,处理4和处理5马铃薯商品率与常规种植模式处理2差异显著;单株结薯数未达到显著水平。马铃薯增产顺序依次为:处理4>处理3>处理2>处理5,其中处理4增产率最高为71.10%。从经济效益来看,5种处理中马铃薯收益最好的是处理4,净收益为12425.07元hm-2,常规种植模式处理2净收益为765.04元hm-2,处理1净收益最低,亏损5941.24元hm-2。综合考虑,马铃薯免耕+玉米秸秆覆盖栽培模式对提高土壤含水率(5.67%)、增加土壤储水量(4.09 m3hm-2)、缓解季节性干旱效果最好,免耕+玉米秸秆覆盖+宽行地膜覆盖栽培模式增产和增效效果最好。
In order to reduce the agricultural losses caused by winter and spring drought in Yunnan province, the no-tillage cultivation experiment was conducted in Qujing, a large-scale potato planting area in Yunnan Province. Five treatments were set up in this experiment: tillage planting (CK) No-tillage + corn straw mulching + broad mulching (treatment 4), no-tillage + corn straw mulching + intercrop corn (treatment 5), no-tillage + corn straw mulching (treatment 3) The effects of different treatments on soil moisture content, soil water storage, seedling emergence, agronomic traits and yield of topsoil were evaluated and their economic benefits were evaluated. The results showed that the topsoil moisture content and soil water storage capacity of topsoil were higher than that of CK. The emergence rate of potato in mulching cultivation mode was significantly higher than that of CK, and the treatment of 4 had the highest germination rate of 96.7%. Treatment 4 and Treatment 5 There was significant difference between plant height and CK and conventional planting pattern 2; Treatment 3, Treatment 4 and Treatment 5 The aboveground biomass of potato was significantly higher than that of CK and conventional planting pattern 2; Treatment 3 and Treatment 4 Potato product The rate of treatment 4 and treatment 5 was significantly different from that of CK. The treatment of treatment 4 and treatment 5 was significantly different from that of treatment 2. The number of tuber per plant did not reach significant level. The order of increasing yield of potato is: treatment 4> treatment 3> treatment 2> treatment 5, in which treatment 4 has the highest yield of 71.10%. From the economic efficiency point of view, the best yield of potato in the five treatments was Treatment 4, the net income was 12425.07 yuan hm-2, and the net income of the conventional planting pattern Treatment 2 was 765.04 yuan hm-2. The treatment 1 net income was the lowest with a loss of 5941.24 Yuan hm-2. Totally, the no-till + corn straw mulching cultivation mode can improve soil water content (5.67%), increase soil water storage (4.09 m3hm-2), alleviate the seasonal drought the best, no tillage + corn straw mulching + Film mulching cultivation model yield and synergistic effect of the best.