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上世纪20年代至50年代,英国公共广播电视BBC处于垄断地位,然而资源稀缺问题的减缓以及公共广播电视节目的日益平淡化生硬化,让要求开放广播电视、展开全面竞争的呼声日益高涨。1954年英国独立电视台ITV建立,与BBC形成“双寡头垄断”。到1989年12月,英国政府代表发表新广播法,旨在放开广播电视市场,创设更为自由的竞争环境,促进广播电视事业的繁荣,同时也要求切实保证节目的质量。由此独立电视委员会ITC与无线广播局RA成立,商业广播电视兴起,打破了双寡头垄断,形成了公私并营的“双轨制”。本文从公共广播电视垄断的弊端、双轨制对广播电视行业的促进以及美式商业广播电视制在英国行不通的原因,全方面评析双轨制,其中着重评述双轨制对英国广播电视业的促进。
In the 1920s and 1950s, the British public radio and television BBC was in a monopoly position. However, the slowdown of resource scarcity and the increasingly flattening of public radio and television programs have made calls for the liberalization of radio and television broadcasting and the all-round competition increasingly high. 1954 British independent television station ITV established with the BBC to form “duopoly”. By December 1989, representatives of the British government issued a new broadcasting law aimed at liberalizing the broadcasting and television market, creating a more free competitive environment and promoting the prosperity of radio and television businesses, while also requiring the effective guarantee of program quality. As a result, the Independent Television Commission ITC and Radio Broadcasting Authority RA were established, commercial radio and television emerged, breaking the duopoly and forming a “dual system” of public-private partnership. This article reviews the dual track system from the defects of the public radio and television monopoly, the promotion of the dual track system to the radio and television industry, and the reasons why the American commercial radio and television system will not work in the United Kingdom. The review focuses on the promotion of the dual track system to the British broadcasting industry.