SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interacts with and activates TLR41

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Dear Editor,rnAccumulating clinical data suggest the main causes of death by COVID-19 include respiratory failure and the onset of sepsis.1 Importantly,sepsis has been observed in nearly all deceased patients.2-5 It remains elusive how SARS-CoV-2 infection results in viral sepsis in humans.Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mediates anti-gram-negative bacterial immune responses by recognizing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from bacteria.6 We recently found that SARS-CoV-2 infection provoked an anti-bacterial like response at the very early stage of infection via TLR4.However,the identity of the original trigger initiating these abnormal immune responses during SARS-CoV-2 infection is unknown.
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