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【摘要】直译，注重意义的准确传达，如果必要，可以不顾及原文的结构成分和意义的某些隐含成分；意译，则较多是在翻译句子或词组的时候发生的。在研究英汉互译的过程中，不难发现这两种语言中存在着许多差异，有一些是存在于语言系统当中，有一些是存在于文化差异之中，它们都可能导致翻译过程中对文学作品的误解。众所周知，直译和意译是汉英互译中的两个主要手段。在研究收集资料之后，在这里，我们希望分享一些我们的观点和研究的结果。
【关键词】直译 意译 翻译 文化
一、直译和意译的定义
直译，注重意义的准确传达，如果必要，可以不顾及原文的结构成分和意义的某些隐含成分（Literal translation is to preserve the contents and the form of the source language in accordance with the cultural tradition）；意译，则较多是在翻译句子或词组（或更大的意群）的时候发生的（Free translation is just to preserve the contents and the main language functions，having to give up the literal meaning of the source language because of some cultural and social limitations）。大体上讲，直译比较倾向于保持原文的结构成分（如句法规范）；意译则倾向某些隐含成分（如俚语、幽默因素）。
翻译者在面对同一翻译对象时，从直译和意译中作出选择，可能会考虑到原文的结构成分、意义的隐含成分对于译文语言和译文读者的意义。因为原文的这种结构可能不甚合于译文语言的规范，甚至很难合乎习惯地实现；但如果译文不遵从这种结构，又会在意义上有某种损失，尽管这种损失可能很小。原文意义的隐含成分，可以直接表达出来，代替读者对意义的探知过程。但是，这一代替也许会限制了原文对于读者的开放性，使得不同于译文表达的意义的理解变得不可能。翻译者衡量这些方面不同的重要性，作出取舍。
For example：
1）Don’t lock the stable door after the horses has been stolen.
Literal translation： 不要等马被盗后，才去锁楖门。
Free translation： 不要贼走关门。
2）Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful，nor is it a way to make social problem evaporate.
Literal translation： 砸镜子不能使丑八怪变漂亮，也不能使社会问题烟消云散。
Free translation： 砸镜子并不能解决实际问题。
From the example： 1）free translation is better than literal translation.From the example 2）literal translation is better than free translation.But how can I use literal translation and free translation？ There is a sentence：“Translate literally， if possible， or appeal to free translation.”
二、遵守英汉语言习惯正确得当地使用直译和意译
翻译即就是把一种语言翻译成另外一种语言。或者说，用一种语言文字表达另外一种语言文字。也有人说，“是把讲话或文字从一种语言转换成另一种语言”。不管是英译汉还是汉译英都必须采用英文或汉语的句法句式，来表达英文或汉语的意思，切不可照文直译。如果照文直译，那么，就译不出的地道的英文或地道的汉语来。也不可望文生义，添枝加叶，胡乱采用意译的方式进行翻译。就汉译英来说，为了避免写成中国式的英文，首先就要把英文的一些基本句型学会，而且要烂熟于心，当我们动手翻译时，便能运用自如，随便采用哪种句型，不管是采用直译还是意译，都合乎英文的惯用句型。同样道理，英译汉也必须符合汉语习惯，要译出中国人明白的词语，句子，文章，翻译出来的东西不能让人似懂非懂，不知所云，“丈二和尚——摸不着头脑”。一定要让你翻译出来的东西一目了然，让读者清清楚楚，明明白白。要达到此目的，这当然得要求译者具有扎实的语言功底，渊博的文化知识。
There are examples：
1）I gave my youth to the sea and I came home and gave her （ my wife）my old age.
Literal translation： 我把青春献给海洋，我回家的时候便把老年给了我的妻子。
Free translation： 我把青春献给海洋，等我回到家里见到妻子的时候，已经是白发苍苍了。
2）Maybe Kino has cut off his own head and destroyed himself.
Literal translation： 也许Kino会割掉自己的脑袋，把自己毁了。
Free translation： 也许Kino走了绝路，自己毁了自己。
3）Cast pearls before swine. Literal translation： 把珍珠扔到猪面前。
Free translation： 对牛弹琴。
三、直译与意译有利有弊酌情选用相得益彰
1.直译和意译的利（The Advantage of Literal Translation and Free Translation）
Sometimes we come about some sentences which can not be translated by literal translation.For instance： “It rains cats and dogs.” Literal translation can not work out “cats and dogs” with their equal words.In this case we must deal this problem with free translation.Free translation needs the translation to express the originals content correctly.It can not rigidly adhere to the original’s form.It makes a premise of achieving faithfulness and smoothness.
For instance： It rains cats and dogs.We can neglect the equal words of “cats and dogs”—“猫和狗” So long as express the meaning and the romantic charm.That is ：大雨滂沱
Let’s see some examples：
●Last night I heard him driving his pigs to market.
Translation： 昨夜我听他鼾声如雷We use literal translation，then it is “昨夜我听见他把他的猪赶到市场” As a result we will make a great joke.In the light of the interpretation of English-Chinese Dictionary of Lu Gusun the meaning of “to drive one’s pigs to market” is “打鼾”.So literal translation misconceives the information of the original .While free translation is faithful to express it.
●幼年的鲁迅听了这个故事心里很不舒服他为白蛇娘娘抱不平。当时他的唯一希望就是这座镇压白蛇娘娘反抗的雷锋塔快些倒掉。
Translation 1： Hearing the story the young Lu Xun felt uncomfortable and highly sympathetic towards Lady White Snake.His one wish was for the pagoda keeping Lady White Snake underneath it soon to collapse.
Translation 2： The story made the young boy very sad.He had deep sympathy for Lady White Snake and strongly wished that the pagoda which rested on her as a dead weight would collapse soon.
Translation 1 adopts literal Trans.
2.直译和意译的弊（The Disadvantage of Literal Translation and Free Translation）
Everything has two sides.In the process of translation，at times，free translation may make the translation tedious and troublesome.
For example：对外开放取得新进展，1990年共批准“三资”企业99家，全省“三资”企业已达284家。
Translation：New progress has been made in the process of opening to the outside world.In 1990，the province approved 99 “Three forms of ventures”（Sino-foreign joint ventures，cooperative enterprises and wholly foreign-funded enterprises），the total number of the “Three forms of ventures”reached 284.
Obviously，it is so long and tedious.Of course，free translation shows the informational function，but the beautiful function of “三资企业”disappeared. 四、直译意译相互映衬各有千秋
According to the rules of translation，faithfulness to the content is more important than to the style.In idioms translation，if neither literal nor equivalent translation can be used，we have to adopt a free way in order to make the translation closely follow the original in meaning.When we do a translation，we should also be faithful to the style.If an idiom is an archaic expression，its translation should look archaic.If rhyme and rhythm are used in an idiom，its translation should contain the figures of speech too.例如：“Among so many well-dressed and cultured people，the country girl felt like a fish out of water.”
The idiom “like a fish out of water” can be literally translated into “象出了水的鱼”.However，we cannot get a clear impression of the country girl’s embarrassment from this translation.We change it into “很不自在” by free translation.The whole sentence is：
“同这么多穿着体面而又有教养的人在一起，这位乡下姑娘感到很不自在.”
“All right，I blame myself.But it’s the last time.We were cat’s paws.That’s all.”
“Cat’s paw” is an allusive idiom which is from Aesop’s Fables.Since it’s now recognized as a fixed phrase，it is not necessary to give the source in translation.Even if we do give the source，it will make the translation long and dull，which is not faithful to the simple style of the original.If we translate it literally into “猫爪子”，the native speakers of Chinese will feel confused.Since there is not a Chinese equivalent，we have to translate it loosely into “上了人家的当”.The whole translation is：“得了，怪我自己瞎了眼，可是我再也不干啦。我们上了人家的当，没别的。”
参考文献：
[1]Fan Zhongyan.1994 Foreign Language Teaching and Researching Press.
[2]Nida，Eugene A.1991 Translation：Possible and Impossible.
[3]Zhu Guangqian.1984 Foreign Language Teaching And Researching Press.
【关键词】直译 意译 翻译 文化
一、直译和意译的定义
直译，注重意义的准确传达，如果必要，可以不顾及原文的结构成分和意义的某些隐含成分（Literal translation is to preserve the contents and the form of the source language in accordance with the cultural tradition）；意译，则较多是在翻译句子或词组（或更大的意群）的时候发生的（Free translation is just to preserve the contents and the main language functions，having to give up the literal meaning of the source language because of some cultural and social limitations）。大体上讲，直译比较倾向于保持原文的结构成分（如句法规范）；意译则倾向某些隐含成分（如俚语、幽默因素）。
翻译者在面对同一翻译对象时，从直译和意译中作出选择，可能会考虑到原文的结构成分、意义的隐含成分对于译文语言和译文读者的意义。因为原文的这种结构可能不甚合于译文语言的规范，甚至很难合乎习惯地实现；但如果译文不遵从这种结构，又会在意义上有某种损失，尽管这种损失可能很小。原文意义的隐含成分，可以直接表达出来，代替读者对意义的探知过程。但是，这一代替也许会限制了原文对于读者的开放性，使得不同于译文表达的意义的理解变得不可能。翻译者衡量这些方面不同的重要性，作出取舍。
For example：
1）Don’t lock the stable door after the horses has been stolen.
Literal translation： 不要等马被盗后，才去锁楖门。
Free translation： 不要贼走关门。
2）Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful，nor is it a way to make social problem evaporate.
Literal translation： 砸镜子不能使丑八怪变漂亮，也不能使社会问题烟消云散。
Free translation： 砸镜子并不能解决实际问题。
From the example： 1）free translation is better than literal translation.From the example 2）literal translation is better than free translation.But how can I use literal translation and free translation？ There is a sentence：“Translate literally， if possible， or appeal to free translation.”
二、遵守英汉语言习惯正确得当地使用直译和意译
翻译即就是把一种语言翻译成另外一种语言。或者说，用一种语言文字表达另外一种语言文字。也有人说，“是把讲话或文字从一种语言转换成另一种语言”。不管是英译汉还是汉译英都必须采用英文或汉语的句法句式，来表达英文或汉语的意思，切不可照文直译。如果照文直译，那么，就译不出的地道的英文或地道的汉语来。也不可望文生义，添枝加叶，胡乱采用意译的方式进行翻译。就汉译英来说，为了避免写成中国式的英文，首先就要把英文的一些基本句型学会，而且要烂熟于心，当我们动手翻译时，便能运用自如，随便采用哪种句型，不管是采用直译还是意译，都合乎英文的惯用句型。同样道理，英译汉也必须符合汉语习惯，要译出中国人明白的词语，句子，文章，翻译出来的东西不能让人似懂非懂，不知所云，“丈二和尚——摸不着头脑”。一定要让你翻译出来的东西一目了然，让读者清清楚楚，明明白白。要达到此目的，这当然得要求译者具有扎实的语言功底，渊博的文化知识。
There are examples：
1）I gave my youth to the sea and I came home and gave her （ my wife）my old age.
Literal translation： 我把青春献给海洋，我回家的时候便把老年给了我的妻子。
Free translation： 我把青春献给海洋，等我回到家里见到妻子的时候，已经是白发苍苍了。
2）Maybe Kino has cut off his own head and destroyed himself.
Literal translation： 也许Kino会割掉自己的脑袋，把自己毁了。
Free translation： 也许Kino走了绝路，自己毁了自己。
3）Cast pearls before swine. Literal translation： 把珍珠扔到猪面前。
Free translation： 对牛弹琴。
三、直译与意译有利有弊酌情选用相得益彰
1.直译和意译的利（The Advantage of Literal Translation and Free Translation）
Sometimes we come about some sentences which can not be translated by literal translation.For instance： “It rains cats and dogs.” Literal translation can not work out “cats and dogs” with their equal words.In this case we must deal this problem with free translation.Free translation needs the translation to express the originals content correctly.It can not rigidly adhere to the original’s form.It makes a premise of achieving faithfulness and smoothness.
For instance： It rains cats and dogs.We can neglect the equal words of “cats and dogs”—“猫和狗” So long as express the meaning and the romantic charm.That is ：大雨滂沱
Let’s see some examples：
●Last night I heard him driving his pigs to market.
Translation： 昨夜我听他鼾声如雷We use literal translation，then it is “昨夜我听见他把他的猪赶到市场” As a result we will make a great joke.In the light of the interpretation of English-Chinese Dictionary of Lu Gusun the meaning of “to drive one’s pigs to market” is “打鼾”.So literal translation misconceives the information of the original .While free translation is faithful to express it.
●幼年的鲁迅听了这个故事心里很不舒服他为白蛇娘娘抱不平。当时他的唯一希望就是这座镇压白蛇娘娘反抗的雷锋塔快些倒掉。
Translation 1： Hearing the story the young Lu Xun felt uncomfortable and highly sympathetic towards Lady White Snake.His one wish was for the pagoda keeping Lady White Snake underneath it soon to collapse.
Translation 2： The story made the young boy very sad.He had deep sympathy for Lady White Snake and strongly wished that the pagoda which rested on her as a dead weight would collapse soon.
Translation 1 adopts literal Trans.
2.直译和意译的弊（The Disadvantage of Literal Translation and Free Translation）
Everything has two sides.In the process of translation，at times，free translation may make the translation tedious and troublesome.
For example：对外开放取得新进展，1990年共批准“三资”企业99家，全省“三资”企业已达284家。
Translation：New progress has been made in the process of opening to the outside world.In 1990，the province approved 99 “Three forms of ventures”（Sino-foreign joint ventures，cooperative enterprises and wholly foreign-funded enterprises），the total number of the “Three forms of ventures”reached 284.
Obviously，it is so long and tedious.Of course，free translation shows the informational function，but the beautiful function of “三资企业”disappeared. 四、直译意译相互映衬各有千秋
According to the rules of translation，faithfulness to the content is more important than to the style.In idioms translation，if neither literal nor equivalent translation can be used，we have to adopt a free way in order to make the translation closely follow the original in meaning.When we do a translation，we should also be faithful to the style.If an idiom is an archaic expression，its translation should look archaic.If rhyme and rhythm are used in an idiom，its translation should contain the figures of speech too.例如：“Among so many well-dressed and cultured people，the country girl felt like a fish out of water.”
The idiom “like a fish out of water” can be literally translated into “象出了水的鱼”.However，we cannot get a clear impression of the country girl’s embarrassment from this translation.We change it into “很不自在” by free translation.The whole sentence is：
“同这么多穿着体面而又有教养的人在一起，这位乡下姑娘感到很不自在.”
“All right，I blame myself.But it’s the last time.We were cat’s paws.That’s all.”
“Cat’s paw” is an allusive idiom which is from Aesop’s Fables.Since it’s now recognized as a fixed phrase，it is not necessary to give the source in translation.Even if we do give the source，it will make the translation long and dull，which is not faithful to the simple style of the original.If we translate it literally into “猫爪子”，the native speakers of Chinese will feel confused.Since there is not a Chinese equivalent，we have to translate it loosely into “上了人家的当”.The whole translation is：“得了，怪我自己瞎了眼，可是我再也不干啦。我们上了人家的当，没别的。”
参考文献：
[1]Fan Zhongyan.1994 Foreign Language Teaching and Researching Press.
[2]Nida，Eugene A.1991 Translation：Possible and Impossible.
[3]Zhu Guangqian.1984 Foreign Language Teaching And Researching Press.