近代化是指人类社会从传统农业社会向现代工业社会所经历的巨变。这一过程开始于西欧,扩展于北美和欧洲其余地区,蔓延到亚非拉美。19世纪中国的近代化就是在西方近代化的示范带动和武装侵略下艰难启动的。整体来看,中国在19世纪争取实现近代化的机遇有两次:一、第一次机遇——鸦片战争后的20年英国是世界上最先实现近代化的国家,凭借其“船坚炮利”打开了中国长期闭关锁国的大门。鸦片战争虽然使清政府吃了败仗,然而这次战争并没有给清政府带来切肤之痛:天朝物产丰盈,2100万银 Modernization refers to the great changes human society has undergone from the traditional agricultural society to the modern industrial society. The process began in Western Europe, expanding in North America and the rest of Europe, spreading to Asia, Africa and Latin America. In the 19th century, China’s modernization was struggling under the demonstration of Western modernization and its armed aggression. On the whole, there are two opportunities for China to strive for modernization in the 19th century: First, the first opportunity - 20 years after the Opium War, Britain was the first country in the world to modernize and by virtue of its “ Cannon ”opened the door to China’s long-term closed-door policy. Although the Opium War, the Qing government ate defeat, but this war did not give the Qing government cut skin: the abundance of heavenly goods, 21 million silver