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摘 要:学生因高考急需拓展词汇,构词法是行之有效的办法,掌握构词法,对于他们的英语学习将起到事半功倍的效果。
关键词:转化;派生;前缀;后缀
一.学生现状。
许多学生不知如何高效识记单词,而高考又要求较多的词汇,构词法是解决这一问题的好方法,构词法比较复杂,下面我仅介绍高中阶段常用到的部分。
二.構词法之简介
构词法分为转化,合成,派生。
三.转化法
转化是指在不改变单词字母组合的前提下,单词的词性发生了变化,高中阶段常见的转化主要有以下以下两大类。
(一)名词转化为动词
eye; hand; ear; water; book; date; nose;等。如:
1.Tom has booked a room for me.
2.My mother bought me a few books with beautiful covers.
3.When the famous actor appears in the airport, people there eyes him excitedly.(动词“看”)
4.My sister parked her car near a park(名词“公园”)
(二)形容词转化为动词,如:
1.The classroom empties after class.(动词“清空”)
2.A empty bottle is easily broken.(形容词“空的”)
四.派生法
派生是构词法中最活跃的,派生就是在一个词的前面或后面加一个词缀,加在词前的叫前缀,放在词后面的叫后缀。
(一)否定前缀,否定前缀不改变词性,只会使添加后的词成为原词的反义词。高中常见的否定前缀主要有:
1.un-:unfairly/unhealth(y)/unfit/unwise/unemployed
2.in-:invisible/inactive/informal/incorrect/inefficient/inaccurate
3.im-:impatient(ce)/imbalance(t)/impossible/impractice
4.il-:illegal/illegally/illogical
5.ir-:irresponsible/irregular/irrelevant/irresistible
6.dis-:disadvantage/disagree/disappear/dislike
7.mis-:misuse/misunderstand/mislead/misfortune
8.anti-:anti-Japan/anti-war/anti-body
9.non-:non-native/nonstop/non-sense/non-existence
10.ig-:ignoble
(二)。表示:“再------;又------”
1.re-: repeat/regain/refresh/reread/rewrite
(三)动词前缀en用在某些形容词的前面,与原有的形容词一起构成一个动词,如:
enlarge/enrich/ensure/encourage/enforce
二.后缀:后缀位于一个词的后面,它主要的是改变一个词的词性,常见的后缀有:
(一):否定后缀less
jobless/fearless/homeless/tireless/doubtless/aimless
(二):名词后缀
1.表示一个人的,如:
-ant:applicant/assistant/defendant
-ee:employee/refugee/addressee
-eer:engineer/volunteer/pioneer
-er:Londoner/reader/listener
-or:collector/actor/professor
-an:African/American/Asian
-ese:Japanese/Chinese
-cian:electrician/mathematician
-ist:typist/chemist/botanist
2.-ism;表示“------主义/-----理想”
socialism/ capitalism/terrorism
3.-ion/-tion/-sion/-cy/-dom/-hood/-ment/-ity/-ness/-ship/-th/-ty/-ure/-ation如:
connection/relaxation/advertisement/reality/childhood/freedom/friendship/kindness/growth/ safety/ mixture/accuracy
4以-ics/-logy/-my结尾的名词表示一种学科或者学术,如:
economics/ biology/astronomy
(三)形容词性后缀
1.-ful:handful/meaningful/harmful 2.-able/-iable:acceptable/avoidable/reliable
3.-ing/-ed:interesting/interested/relaxing/relaxed
4.-ious/-uous/-eous:various/continuous/courageous
5-some; tiresome/lonesome
6.-proof: waterproof/airproof/soundproof
7.-ish:childish/womanish/foolish
8.-ical:economical/ political
9.-ic:economic/specific/scientific
10.-ern: eastern/northern/southern
11.-ian/-an: Australian/Canadian
(四)動词性后缀
1.以en结尾, 如:blacken/broaden/deepen/ sharpen
2.以ify结尾,如:beautify/simplify/modify
3.以ize/ise/yze结尾,如:Americanize/modernize
(五)副词后缀是指ly ,如:perfectly,但lonely例外,虽然也已ly结尾,但是它是形容词
五.合成法
合成词是由两个或两个以上独立的词合在一起,从而构成的一个新词。英语当中合成词主要分为以下几类。
(一),合成名词
1.名词+名词,如:air-conditioner/heart attack/side effect
2.形容词+名词,如:fast food/solar system/bestseller
3.v-ing+名词,如:washing machine/driving license
4.名词+形容词,如:energy-efficient
4,其他,如:by-product/passer-by
(二)合成形容词
1.由带有ed的词尾的词构成,如:empty-handed/absent-minded
2.v-ing形式与另外一个词构成,如:long-suffering
以上是我在教学中的一点体会,希望能对高中学生在积累词汇方面有些帮助,由于个人的能力有限,难免会出现狭隘和偏颇,希望各位老师批评指正。
参考文献:
[1]李荟,张强.浅析计算机专业英语的构词方法[J].价值工程,2017,36(04):250-251.
[2]易加钧.英语构词法在高职英语教学中的应用[J].海外英语,2013(13):45-46.
[3]刘岩,韩瑶.英语缩略语常见构词方法[J].海外英语,2013(10):253-254.
关键词:转化;派生;前缀;后缀
一.学生现状。
许多学生不知如何高效识记单词,而高考又要求较多的词汇,构词法是解决这一问题的好方法,构词法比较复杂,下面我仅介绍高中阶段常用到的部分。
二.構词法之简介
构词法分为转化,合成,派生。
三.转化法
转化是指在不改变单词字母组合的前提下,单词的词性发生了变化,高中阶段常见的转化主要有以下以下两大类。
(一)名词转化为动词
eye; hand; ear; water; book; date; nose;等。如:
1.Tom has booked a room for me.
2.My mother bought me a few books with beautiful covers.
3.When the famous actor appears in the airport, people there eyes him excitedly.(动词“看”)
4.My sister parked her car near a park(名词“公园”)
(二)形容词转化为动词,如:
1.The classroom empties after class.(动词“清空”)
2.A empty bottle is easily broken.(形容词“空的”)
四.派生法
派生是构词法中最活跃的,派生就是在一个词的前面或后面加一个词缀,加在词前的叫前缀,放在词后面的叫后缀。
(一)否定前缀,否定前缀不改变词性,只会使添加后的词成为原词的反义词。高中常见的否定前缀主要有:
1.un-:unfairly/unhealth(y)/unfit/unwise/unemployed
2.in-:invisible/inactive/informal/incorrect/inefficient/inaccurate
3.im-:impatient(ce)/imbalance(t)/impossible/impractice
4.il-:illegal/illegally/illogical
5.ir-:irresponsible/irregular/irrelevant/irresistible
6.dis-:disadvantage/disagree/disappear/dislike
7.mis-:misuse/misunderstand/mislead/misfortune
8.anti-:anti-Japan/anti-war/anti-body
9.non-:non-native/nonstop/non-sense/non-existence
10.ig-:ignoble
(二)。表示:“再------;又------”
1.re-: repeat/regain/refresh/reread/rewrite
(三)动词前缀en用在某些形容词的前面,与原有的形容词一起构成一个动词,如:
enlarge/enrich/ensure/encourage/enforce
二.后缀:后缀位于一个词的后面,它主要的是改变一个词的词性,常见的后缀有:
(一):否定后缀less
jobless/fearless/homeless/tireless/doubtless/aimless
(二):名词后缀
1.表示一个人的,如:
-ant:applicant/assistant/defendant
-ee:employee/refugee/addressee
-eer:engineer/volunteer/pioneer
-er:Londoner/reader/listener
-or:collector/actor/professor
-an:African/American/Asian
-ese:Japanese/Chinese
-cian:electrician/mathematician
-ist:typist/chemist/botanist
2.-ism;表示“------主义/-----理想”
socialism/ capitalism/terrorism
3.-ion/-tion/-sion/-cy/-dom/-hood/-ment/-ity/-ness/-ship/-th/-ty/-ure/-ation如:
connection/relaxation/advertisement/reality/childhood/freedom/friendship/kindness/growth/ safety/ mixture/accuracy
4以-ics/-logy/-my结尾的名词表示一种学科或者学术,如:
economics/ biology/astronomy
(三)形容词性后缀
1.-ful:handful/meaningful/harmful 2.-able/-iable:acceptable/avoidable/reliable
3.-ing/-ed:interesting/interested/relaxing/relaxed
4.-ious/-uous/-eous:various/continuous/courageous
5-some; tiresome/lonesome
6.-proof: waterproof/airproof/soundproof
7.-ish:childish/womanish/foolish
8.-ical:economical/ political
9.-ic:economic/specific/scientific
10.-ern: eastern/northern/southern
11.-ian/-an: Australian/Canadian
(四)動词性后缀
1.以en结尾, 如:blacken/broaden/deepen/ sharpen
2.以ify结尾,如:beautify/simplify/modify
3.以ize/ise/yze结尾,如:Americanize/modernize
(五)副词后缀是指ly ,如:perfectly,但lonely例外,虽然也已ly结尾,但是它是形容词
五.合成法
合成词是由两个或两个以上独立的词合在一起,从而构成的一个新词。英语当中合成词主要分为以下几类。
(一),合成名词
1.名词+名词,如:air-conditioner/heart attack/side effect
2.形容词+名词,如:fast food/solar system/bestseller
3.v-ing+名词,如:washing machine/driving license
4.名词+形容词,如:energy-efficient
4,其他,如:by-product/passer-by
(二)合成形容词
1.由带有ed的词尾的词构成,如:empty-handed/absent-minded
2.v-ing形式与另外一个词构成,如:long-suffering
以上是我在教学中的一点体会,希望能对高中学生在积累词汇方面有些帮助,由于个人的能力有限,难免会出现狭隘和偏颇,希望各位老师批评指正。
参考文献:
[1]李荟,张强.浅析计算机专业英语的构词方法[J].价值工程,2017,36(04):250-251.
[2]易加钧.英语构词法在高职英语教学中的应用[J].海外英语,2013(13):45-46.
[3]刘岩,韩瑶.英语缩略语常见构词方法[J].海外英语,2013(10):253-254.