科第背景造就了部分明末士人的遗民身份选择,遗民身份包含政治属性、社会成分两种要素,基于政治立场的科第拒斥成为明遗民身份认同的重要一环;这一选择为明遗民群体既带来了呈现并深化士人“以道自任”价值意义的机会,同时也造成了现实实践途径的缺失。随着时间流逝,政治身份认同的淡漠,科第作为强力国家制度,士人谋生及价值实现桥梁,愈发具有吸引力,最终吞噬了明遗民群体的存在。 The background of the section created part of the identity choice of the survivors in the late Ming dynasty. The identity of the surviving citizen contains two elements of the political attributes and the social components. The refusal of the subject based on the political position is an important part of identity identification of the immigrants. The group of survivors not only brings the opportunity of presenting and deepening the value of intellectuals, but also leads to the lack of practical ways of practice. As time passed, indifference in political identity, as a bridge between powerful state institutions, the survival of men and the realization of values, became increasingly attractive and finally engulfed the existence of Ming adherence groups.