分配正义蕴含着两个不同的原则:回馈正义与平等正义。回馈正义以个人的付出与回报相关联为基础,平等正义以忽略个人的付出而仅满足其基本需要为基础。从回馈正义角度来看,马克思对青年黑格尔派激进批判理论的批判、对国民经济学的批判,不是针对其抽象的原则,而是论证在现实的资本主义经济关系中,抽象的原则走向其自身的反面;从平等正义角度来看,马克思在晚年讨论了随着生产力的发展、生产关系的改变,应该由回馈正义向平等正义过渡。然而,现实的情况更加复杂,中国的社会主义改革实践从现实层面彰显了诸多需要从理论上给予解答的问题。笔者尝试从抽象理论与现实践履层面讨论这两个原则在不同经济关系中呈现的不同问题,并藉此论证马克思政治哲学思想的当代价值。 Distributive justice contains two different principles: rewarding justice and equality. Rewarding justice is based on the association of individual payouts with returns, and equality justice is based on ignoring the individual’s payouts and meeting only their basic needs. From the point of view of rewarding justice, Marx’s criticism of radical Hegel’s theory of radical criticism of Marxism and the criticism of national economy do not aim at its abstract principle, but argue that in realistic capitalist economic relations, the principle of abstract principles From the perspective of equality and justice, Marx discussed in his later years that with the development of productivity and the change of production relations, Marx should transition from rewarding justice to equality and justice. However, the reality is more complicated. The practice of socialist reform in China has demonstrated many problems that need to be answered theoretically from the realistic point of view. The author attempts to discuss the different issues presented by these two principles in different economic relations from the perspective of abstract theory and practice, and to demonstrate the contemporary value of Marx’s political philosophy.