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研究了不同氮肥管理模式下的稻田氮素平衡特征和环境效应.在太湖主要入湖河流直湖港下游开展了农户常规施肥处理、缓控释肥处理、有机无机肥配施处理、按需施肥处理以及化肥减量优化处理5种氮肥管理模式的田间小区试验,实测了稻季的径流和淋洗氮损失,估算了氨挥发和N2O等气体损失,分析了不同氮肥处理下的环境排放量和氮素平衡特征.与农户常规施肥处理相比,其他处理在减少氮肥总投入量20%～40%的情况下产量与农户对照基本持平,氮肥利用率提高了14.5%～44%.不同氮肥管理模式下,缓控释肥处理和按需施肥处理的氮环境排放量最低,比农户施肥处理分别降低了52.8%和45.4%.在等氮量投入下,有机无机配施处理比纯化肥处理减少了环境氮排放量.农户施肥处理存在着明显的氮盈余,增加了麦季氮流失的风险,按需施肥处理略微出现氮亏缺,在一定程度上减少了麦季氮流失风险.新型缓控释肥处理和按需施肥处理能在不降低产量和效益的情况下,提高氮肥利用率,减少环境排放量,是值得在太湖流域推广的经济环保氮肥管理模式.
The nitrogen balance characteristics and environmental effects of paddy field under different nitrogen management modes were studied.The conventional fertilization, controlled-release fertilization, combined organic-inorganic fertilizers and on-demand fertilization Field experiments of five nitrogen management modes were carried out. The runoff and leaching nitrogen loss during the rice season were measured. The ammonia volatilization and N2O loss were estimated. The environmental emissions under different nitrogen fertilizer treatments and Nitrogen balance characteristics.Compared with the conventional fertilization treatment, the yield of other treatments decreased by 14% ~ 44% compared with that of peasant households with the total input of nitrogen fertilizer reduced by 20% ~ 40% Mode, controlled release fertilizer and on-demand fertilizer had the lowest nitrogen emission, which was 52.8% and 45.4% lower than that of peasant’s fertilizer application respectively.Compared with pure fertilizer treatment, Environmental nitrogen emissions.No obvious nitrogen surplus existed in the fertilization of peasant households, which increased the risk of nitrogen loss in wheat germplasm. The nitrogen deficiency was slightly increased on the on-demand fertilization treatment, to a certain extent Nitrogen loss risk of wheat germplasm.The new controlled release fertilizer and on-demand fertilization treatment can increase the utilization of nitrogen fertilizer and reduce the environmental emissions without reducing the yield and efficiency, which is worth to be promoted in the Taihu Lake Basin economic green nitrogen management model .