一、引言新疆地处祖国西北边疆,为古代西域的一部分。二千多年前,西汉时期开辟的中西陆路交通、举世闻名的“丝绸之路”,就是从渭水流域出发,通过西域的广大地区,到达地中海。这条通道把当时东方最繁华的城市长安和罗马帝国的首都君士坦丁堡联系在一起,对东 I. Introduction Xinjiang is located in the northwestern frontier of the motherland and is part of the ancient Western Regions. Two thousand years ago, the land transportation between China and the West opened in the Western Han Dynasty and the world-famous “Silk Road” started from the Wei River basin and reached the Mediterranean Sea through vast areas in the Western Regions. This passage links the then prosperous city of Changan to Constantinople, the capital of the Roman Empire,