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从聚变研究用的超导磁体到液化天然气贮槽,现代低温技术的许多大规模应用受材料在数量和质量上的保证,这不是偶然的。低温应用的所有的重大进展都取决于材料的改进或现有材料的更加巧妙的利用,这种说法或许是公正的。例如,柯林斯氦液化器被认为是过去40年低温技术的最重大的进展。在此之前,卡皮查早就提出了膨胀式液化器的基本原理。柯林斯的技术革新导致了液化器的研制成功,这主要归功于材料的选用。例如:用渗氮钢制作间隙更小的活塞和汽缸,以减少漏泄;最新设计的高效率热交换器是在铜—镍管内安装铜散热片;由于活塞和阀杆一直保持受拉状态,因而可以使用冷损小的细杆。
From the fusion research of superconducting magnets to liquefied natural gas storage tanks, it is no accident that many of the large-scale applications of modern cryogenic technology are guaranteed in both quantity and quality. It may be fair to say that all the major advances in cryogenic applications are due to material improvements or more clever use of existing materials. For example, the Collins helium liquefier is considered to be the most significant advance in cryogenic technology over the past 40 years. Prior to this, Capita already proposed the basic principle of the expansion liquefier. Collins’s technological innovations led to the successful development of the liquefier, thanks to the choice of materials. For example, nitriding steel is used to make smaller-gap pistons and cylinders to reduce leakage. The newly designed high-efficiency heat exchanger is a copper heat sink mounted in a copper-nickel tube. Since the piston and stem remain tensioned, You can use the cold loss of thin rod.