在人类官制史上,中国古代的科举制度独标一格,引入瞩目。欧洲的中世纪,也处于封建社会时期。但那里实行的是世袭制:贵族总是贵族,平民总是平民;下层人没有任何合法途径进入社会上层。所以自16世纪意大利的利玛窦,到18世纪法国的伏尔泰、狄 In the history of human officialdom, the ancient imperial examination system in China was unique and introduced attention. The Middle Ages of Europe was also in the period of feudal society. But the practice there is hereditary: the aristocracy is always aristocratic, and the civilians are always civilians; the lower people do not have any legal means to enter the upper class. So from Matteo Ricci of Italy in the 16th century, to Voltaire and Di