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一、细节理解题
细节理解题是指针对文章细节描写或与文章主旨大意、情节发展相关的事实所设置的问题。这类题主要测试获取信息及对文章提供的信息的理解能力。做这类题要求找出特定细节，但文章的细节并不是孤立的，整篇文章是一个完整的体系，细节之间也是相互联系的，因此在处理细节题的时候一定要全篇把握。另外，还需注意题干和选项的表达一般都不采用语篇中的原话，而是使用同义的词语或者变换叙述方式。有时选项可能会原封不动地来自文章的某一部分，但可能由于语境不同或因其修饰词不同而产生不同涵义，容易致使理解错误。因此，细节题考查的不仅仅是快速识别信息的能力，还需有在把握主旨大意的基础上对信息进行甄别、理解的能力。
1． 细节理解题题干的主要表现形式
由于细节理解题可以就文章任何一句话或任一信息进行设题，所以其题干表现形式不像主旨大意题、语义题或推理判断题那样明显。除了一些特殊的提问方式外，常见的还有如下可能用来对文章细节进行提问的题干表现形式:
From the passage we know that ____．
In the passage， the author states that ____．
The writer mentions all of the items listed below EXCEPT ____.
Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage?
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the first／second／third…paragraph?
2． 细节理解题的解答
细节理解题的提问顺序一般和文章的结构一致，文章中先出现的先提问，后出现的后提问，掌握了这一原则就能迅速地在文章中找到相关信息。大部分细节或具体内容一般都能在文章中直接或间接地找到答案。另外还有一些题目要求对文中个别难词、关键词、词组或句子作出解释或需要对有关的上下文提供的语境和信息，甚至对整篇文章的内容建立准确、立体的理解和判断。对于此类题型，可以首先从问题中找到关键词，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查阅的技巧在文中迅速寻找和这一细节相关的信息，找到“信息源”后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，确定最佳答案。
【例1】(2009年常德市中考阅读C篇，保留原题号)
Everyone loves holidays since one doesn’t need to go to school or work. Although all holidays mean no school and work, but not all of them are the same. On some of them you go out with friends; on others you stay home to eat, talk, and have fun with your family. For example in the U.S., everyone thinks New Year’s Eve and New Year are both for partying with friends. Christmas is the time to stay home and exchange gifts with family members. But in Japan, it is different. For example, in Japan, New Year is for spending time with the family to eat, talk, have fun, and so on. But Christmas is for boy and girl friends to go out and exchange gifts. At first Christmas should be to celebrate the birth of Christ.
54． What do Americans do at Christmas? ____.
A. People often party with friends
B. Boy and girl friends often go out and exchange gifts
C. They often stay home and exchange gifts with family members
【点拨】题目问美国人如何过圣诞节。从所节选的材料中For example in the U.S.，…stay home and exchange gifts with family members. 就可以得出正确答案是C。如果不多加注意就有可能和日本人如何过圣诞节混淆，或者和别的节日混淆。
如果说主旨大意题是考查宏观把握文章的能力，那么，细节理解题则是考查微观把握文章的能力。虽然这类题属于阅读理解中比较简单的题型，但也是学生比较容易出错和丢分的题型。快速找到“信息源”是解题的关键，但找到了“信息源”并不意味着就可以选出正确的答案，还要将选项与信息进行认真比较后才能去伪存真，求得正解。
二、态度观点题
态度观点题就是指那些针对作者的写作意图、观点、态度和对事件的评价所设置的问题。作者在文章中不仅客观地进行叙述和说明，往往还持有某种态度，如对某一观点或赞同或反对，或肯定或批评。因此这类题主要考查对作者的观点、感情、态度、写作目的和意图的理解能力。这类题在题干中通常有标识词attitude， purpose等。
作者的观点和态度除了直接表达外，还经常在文章里间接表达出来，如使用特殊的词汇表达自己的思想感情。可以通过全文的叙述，从文章的主要内容去理解作者的观点，也可以从文章的用词、语气或对某个细节的陈述来推断作者的态度和观点。
1． 态度观点题的题干主要表现形式
态度观点题考查目标比较明确，题干一般都含有according to the writer/author， attitude， opinion， believe, consider， regard等词或短语。这类题目除了考查对作者在整篇文章中所表现出来的态度和写作意图的理解外，还会考查关于作者对具体的某个人或物的态度或一段细节的评价。
态度观点题的题干表现形式主要有如下几种类型：
What is the purpose of the text?／The purpose of the passage is to ____.
What is the opinion of the writer in this passage?
What was the writer’s attitude towards…?
Who are the intended readers of the passage?
What does the author mean by saying…?
What’s the author’s attitude about…?
From the…paragraph, what do you think the author wants to tell us?
2． 态度观点题的解答
作者的态度和立场一般分为三大类：支持、赞同、乐观；客观、中立；反对、批评、怀疑、悲观。除了可以通过寻找文中带有感情色彩的词来识别、判断作者的观点和态度外，有时还需要综合运用前几节涉及的一些阅读方法，如根据文章中与问题相关的细节作出判断、根据作者提供的例证推断其隐含的态度或观点，有时还需要通读全篇把握文章的主旨后才能作出正确选择。
【例2】(2009年芜湖市中考阅读D篇，保留原题号)
Who can help you? Maybe you think parents， teachers or others can help you． But in fact， all these people only help you to help yourself.
There have been many great men in history. They had few people to help them. They could not get good education, either． But they tried their best to learn and never gave up． One famous teacher in England once told his students， “I cannot make you great men， but I can help you make men of yourselves．”
However， some young people do nothing and they depend on others. If these young people can see their weak points and change their ways， they can be successful． They are nothing now， and will be nothing in the future， unless they take the advice of their parents and teachers， and most importantly， depend on themselves.
94. The author of the passage ____.
A. praises those who are working hard to be successful
B. likes those who depend on their parents and teachers
C． hopes to be a famous person
D. waits for success
【点拨】在本文中，作者使用了两个段落进行对比，提到了靠自己努力成功的人和希望靠他人成功的人。在提到后者时，作者说They are nothing now, …and most importantly, depend on themselves.由此可见，作者欣赏的是靠自己努力成功的人。因此，正确答案是A。
随着对学生主观能力考查的增加，中考阅读设题越来越灵活，题目难度也相应增大，理解作者的态度观点已不仅仅局限在“是与非”“支持与反对”“乐观与悲观”的选择上，而是加入了更多对文章细节和主旨内容理解的要求。解答这类题时，要注意题目的提问方法是否有明确的针对性，即，是针对文章中的一部分进行设题还是对全文的写作目的和意图进行考查。结合多种阅读技巧更有助于作出正确的选择。由于这类题考查的是理解文章的能力，所以有一定的难度，做题时要更加谨慎。
三、文章结构题
所谓文章结构题，就是指那些针对文章的整体篇章结构或某一段落的发展层次所设置的问题。这类题主要考查在理解全文的基础上对文章所描述事件的发展顺序、所说明事物的结构层次或在论述观点过程中使用的论证方法进行推测、归纳和总结的能力。与主旨大意题和细节理解题考查对篇章内容理解能力不同的是，文章结构题主要考查对阅读材料的篇章结构和发展脉络的宏观把握。在中考题中，这是一种较为新颖的考查方式，不像主旨大意题和细节理解题等为广大师生所熟知。
1． 文章结构题的题干表现形式
常见的文章结构题的题干表现形式有如下几种：
What is the right order of the steps in doing ____?
The second paragraph is developed by ____.
How is the passage mainly developed?
The author answers the question raised in the first paragraph with ____.
Which of the following pictures shows the structure of the passage?
In the next part， the author would most probably talk about ____.
2． 文章结构题的解答
文章结构题的考查对象无非是整个篇章或是其中的某个段落。因此，在解答此类题之前，有必要对全篇或考查的段落进行通读，了解其大意。由于题目提问方式较为单一，无非是文章或段落的发展方向，因此解题的关键在于找出篇章或段落中表示层次发展的关键词，如表示时间的关联词、表示方位的关联词、表示因果关系的关联词和表示对比和比较的关联词等。另外，此类题型最为常见的设题方式之一就是根据整篇文章的叙述发展或论证的步骤过程推测出作者接下来要叙述的事件或将要发表的观点。此时，要在正确理解篇章内容的基础上对文章的发展作出合理的推断。这些推断往往不是凭空臆断，而是会在文中给出一定的提示，或是所说明的两个事(人)物中的另一个，或是两种截然不同的观点的另一方面，作者总会给读者充分的证据对文章结构作出合理的推断。
【例3】(2009年南京市中考阅读D篇，保留原题号)
…If you finish before time is called, review your work on the test you have just finished. If you are satisfied with your answers， place your answer document inside your test booklet and close the cover. Sit quietly until the teacher gives you further instructions.
You will have two tests in the morning and a short break between the tests． Don’t leave the building during the break． You must ask permission(允许) to leave the room during testing to go to the restroom; you will not be allowed to make up(弥补) the time you miss．
You will be required to sit quietly until you are dismissed． After all answer documents and test booklets have been collected， the teacher will dismiss you.
43． When a student finishes testing before time is called， the right order of what to do is ____．
①close the cover
②review the work on the test
③place the answer document inside the test booklet
④sit quietly until the teacher tells you what to do next
A. ②①③④ B. ④②①③ C. ②③①④ D. ③②④①
【点拨】根据节选内容的第一段可以得知，如果考生在结束时间之前就完成了答卷，他首先应该再检查一遍试卷上的题目，接着将答题卷放入测试册中，然后合上封皮，最后等着老师告诉他下一步该怎么做。因此，正确选项为C。
从上面的例文分析可以看出，文章结构题的出现从单纯的词句阅读转向整个篇章的脉络结构，从而达到更好地理解文章主旨大意的目的。解答这类题的要点是“抓大放小”“以小(细节)推大(结构)”。解题过程可能涉及以前练习过的细节理解和推理判断的能力，但仅仅有这几个技巧还是不够的，还应该结合写作技能，注意在写作中合理安排文章结构，同时在阅读时能将文章框架进行拆分、组合，毕竟分析文章结构的过程也是解读作者写作构思的过程。可见阅读与写作也有着密切的关系。
四、推理判断题
所谓推理判断题，就是指那些针对文章所隐含的内容、作者未言明的观点或含蓄表达的立场或态度所设置的问题。这类题主要考查概括、归纳、比较、推理等综合能力。要求在理解全文的基础上对文章中未做明确交待的细节、段落的主旨、作者的态度等方面进行高度概括或判断。推理判断题要求不仅能够理解文章的字面内容，而且能据此对文章的深层内涵进行解读，属于阅读理解题中较难把握的题型。
1． 推理判断题的题干表现形式
推理题在提问中常用的词有infer， imply， suggest， indicate等。
The author implies／suggests that ____.
It can be inferred from the passage that ____.
The last paragraph indicates that ____.
The passage suggests that ____.
It may be concluded from the passage that ____.
From the last paragraph we can infer that ____.
The author may agree with ____.
The author’s attitude towards…can be described as ____.
In writing this passage， the author mainly intends to ____.
2． 推理判断题的解答
解答推理判断题的关键是把握文章内部的逻辑关系，做好深层理解。在实际阅读中，有时作者并未把写作意图明确表达出来，此时要根据字面意思，把握上下文逻辑关系，研究细节中隐含的暗示，推敲作者的立场和态度，理解文章的内涵。这就是通常所说的深层理解。深层理解是一种主动的、创造性的思维活动，它必须以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，立足已知推断未知，不能凭空想象随意揣测；它要求读者对文字的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理，不能就事论事，以偏概全。只有吃透文章的字面意思，推理才有前提和基础。下面以例题来分析推理判断题的各类题型及解题思路。
(1)细节推断题
【例4】(2008年北京市中考C篇)
The small-world theory says that everyone in the world is connected through a short chain(链条) of people they know. Another name of this chain is degrees of separation． Each degree is a step that separates a person from someone he or she does not know. There are zero degrees of separation between a person and the people he or she knows directly. This means that there are zero degrees between Ben and his mom. There is one degree of separation when just one person separates someone from a person he or she does not know. Ben knows his mom, but he hasn’t met her close friend Amy． Therefore， Ben is one degree away from Amy. As the chain continues, Amy’s uncle， Mark, is two degrees． John Carter is three degrees， and his father is four degrees, Dr King is five degrees away from Ben.
What is the small-world theory mainly about?
A. How far Ben is away from Dr King.
B. How many people one can get to know.
C. How people are connected in the world．
D. How the degrees of separation are set up．
【点拨】题干问小世界理论指的是什么。根据首句可推断出，小世界理论主要是指世人是如何被联系在一起的。故选C。
(2)数字运算推断题
【例5】(2008年荆州市中考A篇)
WHERE TO STAY IN BOSWELL?
TOUR GUIDE TO OUR BEST HOTELS
FIRST HOTEL Address：222 Edward Road
Telephone：414-6433
The number of rooms：120 Single room：$25Double room:$35
Special attractions：Air-conditioned rooms. French restaurant． Swimming pool． Shops. Coffee shop and bar． Telephone， radio and television in each room. Close to the city center．
FAIRVIEW HOTEL Address：129 North Road
Telephone：591-5620
The number of rooms：50 Single room：$12Double：$18
Special attractions：Close to the airport. Telephone in each room． Bar． Restaurant. Garage. Swimming pool.
ORCHARD HOTEL Address：233 Edward Road
Telephone：641-6446
The number of rooms：120 Single room：$15Double：$20
Special attractions：Facing First Hotel. European restaurant. Coffee shop. Television. Night club.
OSAKE HOTEL Address：1264 Venning Road
Telephone：643-8200
The number of rooms：180 Single room：$30 Double：$50
Special attractions：Air-conditioned rooms. Japanese and Chinese restaurants． Swimming pool. Large garden. Shops.
The total number of the room in the best hotels in Boswell is ____.
A． 120 B. 170 C. 290 D． 470
【点拨】题干问Boswell最好的旅馆房间的总数是多少。从标题可知文中四家旅馆就是Boswell最好的旅馆。将这四家旅馆的房间总数相加就是最好旅馆房间的总数。故选D。
(3)段落主旨推断
【例6】(2008年天津市中考C篇)
Scientists and others have written books about the meanings of dreams． The most famous of these scientists was Sigmund Freud who wrote over a hundred years ago． He suggested different meanings to certain kinds of dreams． It is possible， however， that every dream has a special meaning only for the person who dreams it, and that this meaning is about something in that person’s life.
What is the main idea of Paragraph Four?
A. Bad dreams. B. The meanings of dreams.
C. People and their dreams. D. R.E.M. sleep and dreams.
【点拨】题干问文章第四段主要讲的是什么。通过本段的最后一句话可以推断出全段的大意。故选B。
(4)作者观点、态度推断
【例7】(2008年长沙市中考A篇)
On the first day of a new term， 128 students of Morton High School were sent home for wearing the wrong clothes. There are altogether 1,200 students in the school. Usually only 20 students break the school dress rule every day． So the headmaster Theresa Mayerik said it was the worst new term she had ever seen.
At Morton High School， students’ favorite clothing such as baggy(宽大的) trousers， low-necked shirts and tank tops(紧身短背心) are not allowed in classrooms． Some students think they have the right to choose what to wear but the headmaster doesn’t think so. “I’d be supportive if half the school was sent home， because 99％ will get the message that our school is for education.” “Freedom” does not mean “free of restrictions(约束)”． That is to say there is no total freedom in the world， no matter in the US or in China.
What’s the writer’s attitude(态度) to the school dress rule?
A. Agree B. Disagree(不同意) C. Not sure
【点拨】题干问作者对于学校的着装规定持什么样的态度。从最后一句话That is to say…可以推知，作者认为没有绝对的自由，赞同学校对着装的规定。故选A。
推理判断类题一般无法从原文中找到答案，但这类题目一般都与文章或某个段落的内容相关。在解答这类题时，读懂文章是基础，结合题目对相关段落进行深层理解是关键。需要特别指出的是，有时对文章的理解不能仅局限于个别相关段落，还需要结合全文的语篇背景才能作出正确的选择。
细节理解题是指针对文章细节描写或与文章主旨大意、情节发展相关的事实所设置的问题。这类题主要测试获取信息及对文章提供的信息的理解能力。做这类题要求找出特定细节，但文章的细节并不是孤立的，整篇文章是一个完整的体系，细节之间也是相互联系的，因此在处理细节题的时候一定要全篇把握。另外，还需注意题干和选项的表达一般都不采用语篇中的原话，而是使用同义的词语或者变换叙述方式。有时选项可能会原封不动地来自文章的某一部分，但可能由于语境不同或因其修饰词不同而产生不同涵义，容易致使理解错误。因此，细节题考查的不仅仅是快速识别信息的能力，还需有在把握主旨大意的基础上对信息进行甄别、理解的能力。
1． 细节理解题题干的主要表现形式
由于细节理解题可以就文章任何一句话或任一信息进行设题，所以其题干表现形式不像主旨大意题、语义题或推理判断题那样明显。除了一些特殊的提问方式外，常见的还有如下可能用来对文章细节进行提问的题干表现形式:
From the passage we know that ____．
In the passage， the author states that ____．
The writer mentions all of the items listed below EXCEPT ____.
Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage?
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the first／second／third…paragraph?
2． 细节理解题的解答
细节理解题的提问顺序一般和文章的结构一致，文章中先出现的先提问，后出现的后提问，掌握了这一原则就能迅速地在文章中找到相关信息。大部分细节或具体内容一般都能在文章中直接或间接地找到答案。另外还有一些题目要求对文中个别难词、关键词、词组或句子作出解释或需要对有关的上下文提供的语境和信息，甚至对整篇文章的内容建立准确、立体的理解和判断。对于此类题型，可以首先从问题中找到关键词，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查阅的技巧在文中迅速寻找和这一细节相关的信息，找到“信息源”后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，确定最佳答案。
【例1】(2009年常德市中考阅读C篇，保留原题号)
Everyone loves holidays since one doesn’t need to go to school or work. Although all holidays mean no school and work, but not all of them are the same. On some of them you go out with friends; on others you stay home to eat, talk, and have fun with your family. For example in the U.S., everyone thinks New Year’s Eve and New Year are both for partying with friends. Christmas is the time to stay home and exchange gifts with family members. But in Japan, it is different. For example, in Japan, New Year is for spending time with the family to eat, talk, have fun, and so on. But Christmas is for boy and girl friends to go out and exchange gifts. At first Christmas should be to celebrate the birth of Christ.
54． What do Americans do at Christmas? ____.
A. People often party with friends
B. Boy and girl friends often go out and exchange gifts
C. They often stay home and exchange gifts with family members
【点拨】题目问美国人如何过圣诞节。从所节选的材料中For example in the U.S.，…stay home and exchange gifts with family members. 就可以得出正确答案是C。如果不多加注意就有可能和日本人如何过圣诞节混淆，或者和别的节日混淆。
如果说主旨大意题是考查宏观把握文章的能力，那么，细节理解题则是考查微观把握文章的能力。虽然这类题属于阅读理解中比较简单的题型，但也是学生比较容易出错和丢分的题型。快速找到“信息源”是解题的关键，但找到了“信息源”并不意味着就可以选出正确的答案，还要将选项与信息进行认真比较后才能去伪存真，求得正解。
二、态度观点题
态度观点题就是指那些针对作者的写作意图、观点、态度和对事件的评价所设置的问题。作者在文章中不仅客观地进行叙述和说明，往往还持有某种态度，如对某一观点或赞同或反对，或肯定或批评。因此这类题主要考查对作者的观点、感情、态度、写作目的和意图的理解能力。这类题在题干中通常有标识词attitude， purpose等。
作者的观点和态度除了直接表达外，还经常在文章里间接表达出来，如使用特殊的词汇表达自己的思想感情。可以通过全文的叙述，从文章的主要内容去理解作者的观点，也可以从文章的用词、语气或对某个细节的陈述来推断作者的态度和观点。
1． 态度观点题的题干主要表现形式
态度观点题考查目标比较明确，题干一般都含有according to the writer/author， attitude， opinion， believe, consider， regard等词或短语。这类题目除了考查对作者在整篇文章中所表现出来的态度和写作意图的理解外，还会考查关于作者对具体的某个人或物的态度或一段细节的评价。
态度观点题的题干表现形式主要有如下几种类型：
What is the purpose of the text?／The purpose of the passage is to ____.
What is the opinion of the writer in this passage?
What was the writer’s attitude towards…?
Who are the intended readers of the passage?
What does the author mean by saying…?
What’s the author’s attitude about…?
From the…paragraph, what do you think the author wants to tell us?
2． 态度观点题的解答
作者的态度和立场一般分为三大类：支持、赞同、乐观；客观、中立；反对、批评、怀疑、悲观。除了可以通过寻找文中带有感情色彩的词来识别、判断作者的观点和态度外，有时还需要综合运用前几节涉及的一些阅读方法，如根据文章中与问题相关的细节作出判断、根据作者提供的例证推断其隐含的态度或观点，有时还需要通读全篇把握文章的主旨后才能作出正确选择。
【例2】(2009年芜湖市中考阅读D篇，保留原题号)
Who can help you? Maybe you think parents， teachers or others can help you． But in fact， all these people only help you to help yourself.
There have been many great men in history. They had few people to help them. They could not get good education, either． But they tried their best to learn and never gave up． One famous teacher in England once told his students， “I cannot make you great men， but I can help you make men of yourselves．”
However， some young people do nothing and they depend on others. If these young people can see their weak points and change their ways， they can be successful． They are nothing now， and will be nothing in the future， unless they take the advice of their parents and teachers， and most importantly， depend on themselves.
94. The author of the passage ____.
A. praises those who are working hard to be successful
B. likes those who depend on their parents and teachers
C． hopes to be a famous person
D. waits for success
【点拨】在本文中，作者使用了两个段落进行对比，提到了靠自己努力成功的人和希望靠他人成功的人。在提到后者时，作者说They are nothing now, …and most importantly, depend on themselves.由此可见，作者欣赏的是靠自己努力成功的人。因此，正确答案是A。
随着对学生主观能力考查的增加，中考阅读设题越来越灵活，题目难度也相应增大，理解作者的态度观点已不仅仅局限在“是与非”“支持与反对”“乐观与悲观”的选择上，而是加入了更多对文章细节和主旨内容理解的要求。解答这类题时，要注意题目的提问方法是否有明确的针对性，即，是针对文章中的一部分进行设题还是对全文的写作目的和意图进行考查。结合多种阅读技巧更有助于作出正确的选择。由于这类题考查的是理解文章的能力，所以有一定的难度，做题时要更加谨慎。
三、文章结构题
所谓文章结构题，就是指那些针对文章的整体篇章结构或某一段落的发展层次所设置的问题。这类题主要考查在理解全文的基础上对文章所描述事件的发展顺序、所说明事物的结构层次或在论述观点过程中使用的论证方法进行推测、归纳和总结的能力。与主旨大意题和细节理解题考查对篇章内容理解能力不同的是，文章结构题主要考查对阅读材料的篇章结构和发展脉络的宏观把握。在中考题中，这是一种较为新颖的考查方式，不像主旨大意题和细节理解题等为广大师生所熟知。
1． 文章结构题的题干表现形式
常见的文章结构题的题干表现形式有如下几种：
What is the right order of the steps in doing ____?
The second paragraph is developed by ____.
How is the passage mainly developed?
The author answers the question raised in the first paragraph with ____.
Which of the following pictures shows the structure of the passage?
In the next part， the author would most probably talk about ____.
2． 文章结构题的解答
文章结构题的考查对象无非是整个篇章或是其中的某个段落。因此，在解答此类题之前，有必要对全篇或考查的段落进行通读，了解其大意。由于题目提问方式较为单一，无非是文章或段落的发展方向，因此解题的关键在于找出篇章或段落中表示层次发展的关键词，如表示时间的关联词、表示方位的关联词、表示因果关系的关联词和表示对比和比较的关联词等。另外，此类题型最为常见的设题方式之一就是根据整篇文章的叙述发展或论证的步骤过程推测出作者接下来要叙述的事件或将要发表的观点。此时，要在正确理解篇章内容的基础上对文章的发展作出合理的推断。这些推断往往不是凭空臆断，而是会在文中给出一定的提示，或是所说明的两个事(人)物中的另一个，或是两种截然不同的观点的另一方面，作者总会给读者充分的证据对文章结构作出合理的推断。
【例3】(2009年南京市中考阅读D篇，保留原题号)
…If you finish before time is called, review your work on the test you have just finished. If you are satisfied with your answers， place your answer document inside your test booklet and close the cover. Sit quietly until the teacher gives you further instructions.
You will have two tests in the morning and a short break between the tests． Don’t leave the building during the break． You must ask permission(允许) to leave the room during testing to go to the restroom; you will not be allowed to make up(弥补) the time you miss．
You will be required to sit quietly until you are dismissed． After all answer documents and test booklets have been collected， the teacher will dismiss you.
43． When a student finishes testing before time is called， the right order of what to do is ____．
①close the cover
②review the work on the test
③place the answer document inside the test booklet
④sit quietly until the teacher tells you what to do next
A. ②①③④ B. ④②①③ C. ②③①④ D. ③②④①
【点拨】根据节选内容的第一段可以得知，如果考生在结束时间之前就完成了答卷，他首先应该再检查一遍试卷上的题目，接着将答题卷放入测试册中，然后合上封皮，最后等着老师告诉他下一步该怎么做。因此，正确选项为C。
从上面的例文分析可以看出，文章结构题的出现从单纯的词句阅读转向整个篇章的脉络结构，从而达到更好地理解文章主旨大意的目的。解答这类题的要点是“抓大放小”“以小(细节)推大(结构)”。解题过程可能涉及以前练习过的细节理解和推理判断的能力，但仅仅有这几个技巧还是不够的，还应该结合写作技能，注意在写作中合理安排文章结构，同时在阅读时能将文章框架进行拆分、组合，毕竟分析文章结构的过程也是解读作者写作构思的过程。可见阅读与写作也有着密切的关系。
四、推理判断题
所谓推理判断题，就是指那些针对文章所隐含的内容、作者未言明的观点或含蓄表达的立场或态度所设置的问题。这类题主要考查概括、归纳、比较、推理等综合能力。要求在理解全文的基础上对文章中未做明确交待的细节、段落的主旨、作者的态度等方面进行高度概括或判断。推理判断题要求不仅能够理解文章的字面内容，而且能据此对文章的深层内涵进行解读，属于阅读理解题中较难把握的题型。
1． 推理判断题的题干表现形式
推理题在提问中常用的词有infer， imply， suggest， indicate等。
The author implies／suggests that ____.
It can be inferred from the passage that ____.
The last paragraph indicates that ____.
The passage suggests that ____.
It may be concluded from the passage that ____.
From the last paragraph we can infer that ____.
The author may agree with ____.
The author’s attitude towards…can be described as ____.
In writing this passage， the author mainly intends to ____.
2． 推理判断题的解答
解答推理判断题的关键是把握文章内部的逻辑关系，做好深层理解。在实际阅读中，有时作者并未把写作意图明确表达出来，此时要根据字面意思，把握上下文逻辑关系，研究细节中隐含的暗示，推敲作者的立场和态度，理解文章的内涵。这就是通常所说的深层理解。深层理解是一种主动的、创造性的思维活动，它必须以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，立足已知推断未知，不能凭空想象随意揣测；它要求读者对文字的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理，不能就事论事，以偏概全。只有吃透文章的字面意思，推理才有前提和基础。下面以例题来分析推理判断题的各类题型及解题思路。
(1)细节推断题
【例4】(2008年北京市中考C篇)
The small-world theory says that everyone in the world is connected through a short chain(链条) of people they know. Another name of this chain is degrees of separation． Each degree is a step that separates a person from someone he or she does not know. There are zero degrees of separation between a person and the people he or she knows directly. This means that there are zero degrees between Ben and his mom. There is one degree of separation when just one person separates someone from a person he or she does not know. Ben knows his mom, but he hasn’t met her close friend Amy． Therefore， Ben is one degree away from Amy. As the chain continues, Amy’s uncle， Mark, is two degrees． John Carter is three degrees， and his father is four degrees, Dr King is five degrees away from Ben.
What is the small-world theory mainly about?
A. How far Ben is away from Dr King.
B. How many people one can get to know.
C. How people are connected in the world．
D. How the degrees of separation are set up．
【点拨】题干问小世界理论指的是什么。根据首句可推断出，小世界理论主要是指世人是如何被联系在一起的。故选C。
(2)数字运算推断题
【例5】(2008年荆州市中考A篇)
WHERE TO STAY IN BOSWELL?
TOUR GUIDE TO OUR BEST HOTELS
FIRST HOTEL Address：222 Edward Road
Telephone：414-6433
The number of rooms：120 Single room：$25Double room:$35
Special attractions：Air-conditioned rooms. French restaurant． Swimming pool． Shops. Coffee shop and bar． Telephone， radio and television in each room. Close to the city center．
FAIRVIEW HOTEL Address：129 North Road
Telephone：591-5620
The number of rooms：50 Single room：$12Double：$18
Special attractions：Close to the airport. Telephone in each room． Bar． Restaurant. Garage. Swimming pool.
ORCHARD HOTEL Address：233 Edward Road
Telephone：641-6446
The number of rooms：120 Single room：$15Double：$20
Special attractions：Facing First Hotel. European restaurant. Coffee shop. Television. Night club.
OSAKE HOTEL Address：1264 Venning Road
Telephone：643-8200
The number of rooms：180 Single room：$30 Double：$50
Special attractions：Air-conditioned rooms. Japanese and Chinese restaurants． Swimming pool. Large garden. Shops.
The total number of the room in the best hotels in Boswell is ____.
A． 120 B. 170 C. 290 D． 470
【点拨】题干问Boswell最好的旅馆房间的总数是多少。从标题可知文中四家旅馆就是Boswell最好的旅馆。将这四家旅馆的房间总数相加就是最好旅馆房间的总数。故选D。
(3)段落主旨推断
【例6】(2008年天津市中考C篇)
Scientists and others have written books about the meanings of dreams． The most famous of these scientists was Sigmund Freud who wrote over a hundred years ago． He suggested different meanings to certain kinds of dreams． It is possible， however， that every dream has a special meaning only for the person who dreams it, and that this meaning is about something in that person’s life.
What is the main idea of Paragraph Four?
A. Bad dreams. B. The meanings of dreams.
C. People and their dreams. D. R.E.M. sleep and dreams.
【点拨】题干问文章第四段主要讲的是什么。通过本段的最后一句话可以推断出全段的大意。故选B。
(4)作者观点、态度推断
【例7】(2008年长沙市中考A篇)
On the first day of a new term， 128 students of Morton High School were sent home for wearing the wrong clothes. There are altogether 1,200 students in the school. Usually only 20 students break the school dress rule every day． So the headmaster Theresa Mayerik said it was the worst new term she had ever seen.
At Morton High School， students’ favorite clothing such as baggy(宽大的) trousers， low-necked shirts and tank tops(紧身短背心) are not allowed in classrooms． Some students think they have the right to choose what to wear but the headmaster doesn’t think so. “I’d be supportive if half the school was sent home， because 99％ will get the message that our school is for education.” “Freedom” does not mean “free of restrictions(约束)”． That is to say there is no total freedom in the world， no matter in the US or in China.
What’s the writer’s attitude(态度) to the school dress rule?
A. Agree B. Disagree(不同意) C. Not sure
【点拨】题干问作者对于学校的着装规定持什么样的态度。从最后一句话That is to say…可以推知，作者认为没有绝对的自由，赞同学校对着装的规定。故选A。
推理判断类题一般无法从原文中找到答案，但这类题目一般都与文章或某个段落的内容相关。在解答这类题时，读懂文章是基础，结合题目对相关段落进行深层理解是关键。需要特别指出的是，有时对文章的理解不能仅局限于个别相关段落，还需要结合全文的语篇背景才能作出正确的选择。