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稠油通常是指粘度高,相对密度大,胶质和沥青质含量高的原油。稠油在油层中粘度高,流动阻力大,用常规技术难以经济有效地开发。最近十几年,国内外通常采用以热采技术为主的稠油开采技术,使稠油产量不断增加。蒸汽吞吐是一种相对简单和成熟的注蒸汽开采稠油的技术。蒸汽吞吐的机理主要是加热近井地带原油,使之粘度降低,当生产压力下降时,为地层束缚水和蒸汽的闪蒸提供气体驱动力。催化剂在稠油水热裂解反应中起着极其重要的作用,也是水热裂解开采稠油技术的关键技术之一。目前主要的学术观点认为,在稠油水热裂解反应中催化剂的主要作用在于降低稠油中有机硫化物等组分的裂解反应的活化能,使之易于发生,同时为水热裂解反应提供氢离子并促进产生的氢或阻聚剂中的氢向稠油中的某些结构转移,进而起到加速稠油水热裂解反应的作用。本文主要对蒸汽吞吐稠油的渗流规律、催化裂解的降粘机理以及改质稠油的有杆泵举升进行了初步研究。
Heavy oil usually refers to the high viscosity, relative density, high glial and asphaltene content of crude oil. Heavy oil in the reservoir viscosity, flow resistance, using conventional techniques is difficult to economically and effectively developed. In the recent ten years, the heavy oil recovery technology, which is mainly based on thermal recovery technology, is generally adopted both at home and abroad, so that the output of heavy oil is continuously increasing. Steam huff and puff is a relatively simple and mature technology for steam injection of heavy oil. The mechanism of steam huff and puff is mainly to heat the crude oil in the near-well zone to reduce its viscosity. When the production pressure drops, it provides the gas driving force for the flash of formation bound water and steam. The catalyst plays an extremely important role in the heavy oil hydrothermal cracking reaction and is also one of the key technologies for the hydrothermal cracking of heavy oil production. At present, the major academic point of view is that the main role of the catalyst in the heavy oil hydrothermal cracking reaction is to reduce the activation energy of the cleavage reaction of the organic sulphide and other components in the heavy oil to make it easy to occur, and simultaneously to provide hydrogen ions for the hydrothermal cracking reaction And to promote the hydrogen generated in the polymerization inhibitor or hydrogen to the heavy oil in some of the structure transfer, thereby accelerating the heavy oil hydrothermal cracking reaction. In this paper, we mainly study the seepage law of heavy oil in steam stimulation, the mechanism of viscosity reduction by catalytic cracking and the rod pump lifting of heavy oil.