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引言
格式塔心理学的理论:当看见不完整的事物时,人们根据脑子里对事物的完整概念,会在思想上把它补全,这种称为补全心理。 “完形填空”(Cloze Test)就是基于这一理论上的一种用来考查和测试考生综合运用英语语言能力的题型,检测考生是否有扎实的语言基本功,如:较大的词汇、短语固定搭配的储存量,较强的语感和阅读理解能力,一定的观察、分析以及判断能力。考生在做此类试题时,经过的是读—填—读的过程,也就是注重通篇考虑,先速读全文,掌握大意,然后在瞻前顾后,推敲后填词,最后通读全文,检查结果。而这一系列的过程,要在15至20分钟内完成是有一定的难度的。因此,只有掌握一定的技巧,才能取得高分。
技巧一:用好首句是关键
完形填空首句不挖空,有利于进入语境,所以理解好文章的第一句至关重要 如:
I work as a volunteer (志愿者) for an organization that helps the poor in Haiti. Recently I took my son Barrett there for a week,hoping to 36 him.(A. comfort B. please C. attract D. educate)这是完形填空的首段首句,通过此句来预测本文要义。“我”希望通过做志愿者,帮助穷人达到教育(educate)儿子的目的。后面的故事都是围绕此中心。
技巧二:词语辨析和固定搭配
一是根据词汇辨异和固定搭配方面来解题 如:
1. So I tried hard with my writing and went to college . My first novel 45 while I was at college.( A. came on B. came in C. came out D. came back)
2. A young man,wet from head to toe,explained that he had out of petrol about 30km up the road. (A. driven B. used C. come D. run)这里主要考查“用完”,即“run out of”,“use ”不能跟“out of”连用,可以说“use up”。
二是将词语辨析与逻辑推理结合起来,从词义入手,抓住情节线索解决问题。如:
She noticed how nervous he was and suggested he should stand near the stage where he could watch and follow the play.?It was a good? 1(way) of getting rid of his nervousness,she said. She was right,it seemed to 2 . (A. do???B. win??C. work??D. act)根据逻辑推理,从词汇意义入手选择。
技巧三:注意上下文语境,语篇整体大意
最近几年,完形填空考题在选项的设置上越来越淡化语法结构,而重在文意的干扰,把具体的语言知识融入具体的语言情景中。主要考查考生对整体文意的把握能力,考生要通过上下文的前后提示或暗示,根据上下文语境确定最佳选项。如;
“Roberta appeared on the stage. She took a deep breath and began to .” (NMET 2007,天津卷)(A. sing B. dance C. speak D. report)该语境中的stage让考生联想到了sing 、 dance等词。 但是根据上下文篇章意思知道,Roberta是扮演Portia在舞台上进行演说的,因此选项为speak,而A、B项具有较强的干扰性。
技巧四:利用文章中的信息(原词复现、近义词和反义词等)
(1) 利用词汇的复现解题
很多词在上下文中以不同的形式反复出现,如:
同一个词在上下文的复现:很多正确选项常是上文或下文中出现的词。如:
“After that,I established myself as the first full-time solo percussionist. I 51 and arranged a lot of musical compositions since few had been written specially for solo percussionists..。(A. wrote B. translated C. copied D. read)根据下文出现的词written决定选项。
(2) 同义词的复现:如and连接两个同义的词或句子。happy and glad; unhappy and disappointed. 如:
Garth’s e-mail was short,but I learned more from that 52 message than I ever did from a textbook. (A. accurate B. urgent C. brief D. humorous)选项brief与上文的short是近义词。
(3) 反义词的复现:如but 连接两个含义相反的词:small but neat; expensive but tasty
(4) 同一个词的不同词类的联想:如:belief和believe;think与thought;repairman 和fix one’’’’s car。 技巧五:文化背景信息及常识
根据文化背景知识及生活常识进行逻辑推理。如:
1.举“dog”一词来说,在中国人的概念中会联想到“走狗”,“猪狗不如”等贬义词,但是在西方,人们喜爱宠物,甚至很多人把宠物看作是重要的伴侣,而“dog”是首选,西方人经常用“lovely ,friendly,helpful ”等词来形容。
2. On a hot summer day in late August,I sought shade and a cool drink at a waterfront café on a Greek island. Over a hundred degree in 36 air. Crowded. Temper of both the tourists and waiters had 37 to meet the situation,making it a rather quarrelsome environment.
36. A. fresh B. cool C. still D. thin
37. A. managed B. expected C. attempted D. risen
这两道题是根据生活常识来判断的,36.在八月的盛夏高温天气,空气应该是停滞的。应选still。37.在如此拥挤焦躁的环境下,很自然,人们的脾气都见涨。应选risen。
技巧六:熟词赋新义
这是完形填空中考点设计的很大干扰项。如:
1. If I was angry with a friend during high school and wrote something about him in my diary,he would neber know,however,my sister ever wrote something bad about a friend. (A. boring B. wrong C. mean D. funny) 很多学生把mean理解为“吝啬、小气 ”而误选了wrong,于是把“something wrong ”和“something bad ”等同起来。而mean在这里赋予了新义“卑鄙、无耻”的意思,正符合题意。
2.特别是计算机的出现,使得旧的词汇在计算机用语中赋予新的含义:notebook是指笔记本大小的电脑;driver是指磁盘驱动器;scan是扫描的意思;bus是指总线;mouse意为鼠标等。
技巧七:利用语法分析解题,注意逻辑关系
考题并不是如同做单项题那样单纯地考虑语法内容,还要涉及理解上下文的逻辑关系,要有针对性地对语法结构、句式特点进行分析思考,从而迅速解决问题。 如:
Eg:...and the officers then began to eat their meal ,saying that the mushrooms had a very strange quite pleasant taste.
( A. besides B. but C. and D. or)
结束语
做完形填空时要注意,支撑每小题的正确答案的信息都是充分的,并且一定可以在短文中找到具体的信息点。其总的原则是:“先完意,后完形”。有句话说得很恰当“文中无闲句,句中无闲字”,把握好篇章大意至关重要。熟练背诵下面这个口诀,对解答完形填空有很大的帮助:
文章首句要重视,全篇理解有启示。
记叙体裁为主体,通读全文明意旨。
填空多是实意词,四个选项巧设计,
词类范畴必同一。确定最佳靠逻辑,
字里行间找信息。个别填空借常识,
相近词义细辨析,习惯用法靠记忆,
复读反思再核实。
【参考文献】
[1]普通高中《英语课程标准》.人民教育出版社,2003(4).
[2]田术记. 超级解题:高考英语完形填空. 外文出版社,2009.
[3]高一完形填空. 华语教学出版社,2010(09).
[4]高考完形填空. 首都师范大学出版社,2010(03).
[5]中小学英语教学研究. 华东师范大学,2008(07).
格式塔心理学的理论:当看见不完整的事物时,人们根据脑子里对事物的完整概念,会在思想上把它补全,这种称为补全心理。 “完形填空”(Cloze Test)就是基于这一理论上的一种用来考查和测试考生综合运用英语语言能力的题型,检测考生是否有扎实的语言基本功,如:较大的词汇、短语固定搭配的储存量,较强的语感和阅读理解能力,一定的观察、分析以及判断能力。考生在做此类试题时,经过的是读—填—读的过程,也就是注重通篇考虑,先速读全文,掌握大意,然后在瞻前顾后,推敲后填词,最后通读全文,检查结果。而这一系列的过程,要在15至20分钟内完成是有一定的难度的。因此,只有掌握一定的技巧,才能取得高分。
技巧一:用好首句是关键
完形填空首句不挖空,有利于进入语境,所以理解好文章的第一句至关重要 如:
I work as a volunteer (志愿者) for an organization that helps the poor in Haiti. Recently I took my son Barrett there for a week,hoping to 36 him.(A. comfort B. please C. attract D. educate)这是完形填空的首段首句,通过此句来预测本文要义。“我”希望通过做志愿者,帮助穷人达到教育(educate)儿子的目的。后面的故事都是围绕此中心。
技巧二:词语辨析和固定搭配
一是根据词汇辨异和固定搭配方面来解题 如:
1. So I tried hard with my writing and went to college . My first novel 45 while I was at college.( A. came on B. came in C. came out D. came back)
2. A young man,wet from head to toe,explained that he had out of petrol about 30km up the road. (A. driven B. used C. come D. run)这里主要考查“用完”,即“run out of”,“use ”不能跟“out of”连用,可以说“use up”。
二是将词语辨析与逻辑推理结合起来,从词义入手,抓住情节线索解决问题。如:
She noticed how nervous he was and suggested he should stand near the stage where he could watch and follow the play.?It was a good? 1(way) of getting rid of his nervousness,she said. She was right,it seemed to 2 . (A. do???B. win??C. work??D. act)根据逻辑推理,从词汇意义入手选择。
技巧三:注意上下文语境,语篇整体大意
最近几年,完形填空考题在选项的设置上越来越淡化语法结构,而重在文意的干扰,把具体的语言知识融入具体的语言情景中。主要考查考生对整体文意的把握能力,考生要通过上下文的前后提示或暗示,根据上下文语境确定最佳选项。如;
“Roberta appeared on the stage. She took a deep breath and began to .” (NMET 2007,天津卷)(A. sing B. dance C. speak D. report)该语境中的stage让考生联想到了sing 、 dance等词。 但是根据上下文篇章意思知道,Roberta是扮演Portia在舞台上进行演说的,因此选项为speak,而A、B项具有较强的干扰性。
技巧四:利用文章中的信息(原词复现、近义词和反义词等)
(1) 利用词汇的复现解题
很多词在上下文中以不同的形式反复出现,如:
同一个词在上下文的复现:很多正确选项常是上文或下文中出现的词。如:
“After that,I established myself as the first full-time solo percussionist. I 51 and arranged a lot of musical compositions since few had been written specially for solo percussionists..。(A. wrote B. translated C. copied D. read)根据下文出现的词written决定选项。
(2) 同义词的复现:如and连接两个同义的词或句子。happy and glad; unhappy and disappointed. 如:
Garth’s e-mail was short,but I learned more from that 52 message than I ever did from a textbook. (A. accurate B. urgent C. brief D. humorous)选项brief与上文的short是近义词。
(3) 反义词的复现:如but 连接两个含义相反的词:small but neat; expensive but tasty
(4) 同一个词的不同词类的联想:如:belief和believe;think与thought;repairman 和fix one’’’’s car。 技巧五:文化背景信息及常识
根据文化背景知识及生活常识进行逻辑推理。如:
1.举“dog”一词来说,在中国人的概念中会联想到“走狗”,“猪狗不如”等贬义词,但是在西方,人们喜爱宠物,甚至很多人把宠物看作是重要的伴侣,而“dog”是首选,西方人经常用“lovely ,friendly,helpful ”等词来形容。
2. On a hot summer day in late August,I sought shade and a cool drink at a waterfront café on a Greek island. Over a hundred degree in 36 air. Crowded. Temper of both the tourists and waiters had 37 to meet the situation,making it a rather quarrelsome environment.
36. A. fresh B. cool C. still D. thin
37. A. managed B. expected C. attempted D. risen
这两道题是根据生活常识来判断的,36.在八月的盛夏高温天气,空气应该是停滞的。应选still。37.在如此拥挤焦躁的环境下,很自然,人们的脾气都见涨。应选risen。
技巧六:熟词赋新义
这是完形填空中考点设计的很大干扰项。如:
1. If I was angry with a friend during high school and wrote something about him in my diary,he would neber know,however,my sister ever wrote something bad about a friend. (A. boring B. wrong C. mean D. funny) 很多学生把mean理解为“吝啬、小气 ”而误选了wrong,于是把“something wrong ”和“something bad ”等同起来。而mean在这里赋予了新义“卑鄙、无耻”的意思,正符合题意。
2.特别是计算机的出现,使得旧的词汇在计算机用语中赋予新的含义:notebook是指笔记本大小的电脑;driver是指磁盘驱动器;scan是扫描的意思;bus是指总线;mouse意为鼠标等。
技巧七:利用语法分析解题,注意逻辑关系
考题并不是如同做单项题那样单纯地考虑语法内容,还要涉及理解上下文的逻辑关系,要有针对性地对语法结构、句式特点进行分析思考,从而迅速解决问题。 如:
Eg:...and the officers then began to eat their meal ,saying that the mushrooms had a very strange quite pleasant taste.
( A. besides B. but C. and D. or)
结束语
做完形填空时要注意,支撑每小题的正确答案的信息都是充分的,并且一定可以在短文中找到具体的信息点。其总的原则是:“先完意,后完形”。有句话说得很恰当“文中无闲句,句中无闲字”,把握好篇章大意至关重要。熟练背诵下面这个口诀,对解答完形填空有很大的帮助:
文章首句要重视,全篇理解有启示。
记叙体裁为主体,通读全文明意旨。
填空多是实意词,四个选项巧设计,
词类范畴必同一。确定最佳靠逻辑,
字里行间找信息。个别填空借常识,
相近词义细辨析,习惯用法靠记忆,
复读反思再核实。
【参考文献】
[1]普通高中《英语课程标准》.人民教育出版社,2003(4).
[2]田术记. 超级解题:高考英语完形填空. 外文出版社,2009.
[3]高一完形填空. 华语教学出版社,2010(09).
[4]高考完形填空. 首都师范大学出版社,2010(03).
[5]中小学英语教学研究. 华东师范大学,2008(07).