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一、商法基本原则概述商法的基本原则,指的是“反映商法基本宗旨,对各类商事关系具有普遍意义,对于统一的商法规则体系具有统领作用的基本法律准则”。①据此,商法原则应当具有普遍性和价值(本质)性两个特点。所谓普遍性,即该原则贯穿于全部商法规范始终。商法基本原则是“商事法律规范的高度抽象和概括”;所谓价值性,即反映商法的基本价值。商法的原则与民法原则不同。民法经过数百年的发展,在学说和立法上比较明确和统一。而商法的原则很不统一。国外学者极少概括商法的原则。我国学者有关商法基本原则的论述,极不统一。例如:覃有土先生提出了促进交易迅捷原则等四项原则;②施天涛教授提出了促进交易自由原则等四项原则;要范健教授提出了商主体严格法定原则等五项原则;④赵中孚先生则总结了八项原则。⑤
I. General Principles of Commercial Law The basic principles of commercial law refer to “the basic legal norms that reflect the basic purposes of commercial law, have universal significance for all kinds of commercial relations, and have a leading role in the unified commercial law system.” Accordingly, the principle of commercial law should have the two characteristics of universality and value (essence). The so-called universality, that is, the principle runs through all the commercial norms. The basic principle of commercial law is “a high degree of abstraction and generalization of commercial law norms”; so-called value, which reflects the basic value of commercial law. The principles of commercial law and civil law are different. After several hundred years of civil law, civil law is more clear and unified in doctrine and legislation. The principles of commercial law are not uniform. Foreign scholars seldom summarize the principles of commercial law. Our scholars on the basic principles of commercial law, very inconsistent. For example, Mr. Qin You-t’ao proposed four principles: Promote the swiftness of transactions; (2) Professor Shi Tiantao proposed the four principles of promoting the principle of freedom of trade; (4) Professor Fan Jian proposed the five principles of the principle of strict statutory business; (4) Mr. Zhao Zhongfu Then summed up the eight principles. ⑤