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核苷酸结合寡聚结构域样受体家族含吡啉结构域蛋白3(NLRP3)炎症小体是一种细胞内多种蛋白质组成的大分子蛋白复合体，其形成可导致炎性天冬氨酸特异性的半胱氨酸蛋白水解酶自我剪切，后者激活体内促炎因子，引起宿主体内一系列炎症反应。NLRP3炎症小体的激活方式多样，参与并调控了干眼、青光眼、年龄相关性黄斑变性等炎症相关眼部疾病。本文就NLRP3炎症小体及其相关分子基因突变或相关蛋白活性异常在眼科相关疾病中发生及发展的机制进行综述，以期对今后眼部相关疾病发生和发展的研究带来启发。“,”Nucleotide binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a set of intracellular protein complexes.NLRP3 inflammasome can trigger the activation of caspase-1 and contribute to the maturation of interleukin, and finally result in a series of inflammation responses in host.Inflammasomes are activated in a variety of cases, including multiple inflammation-related eye diseases, such as xerophthalmia, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration and so on.This article aimed to interpret the effect and mechanism of the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, and reviewed how the mutation of gene or the structure disturbance of protein related to NLRP3 inflammasome affects the occurrence and development of inflammation-related eye diseases.