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本文认为,先秦是中国史学批评的萌芽阶段,探讨这一阶段史学批评的状貌,有助于理解中国史学批评的发展路径和特点。此期关于史学价值之认识,有鉴戒得失、惩恶劝善、可资施政、有裨修养四说;关于史书编撰要素,有“事”、“文”、“义”三方面的探讨;关于史家素质,确立了“学识渊博”和“书法不隐”两条“良史”标准;关于批评自身之审度,触及了广义论辩的目的和特征,并无意中揭示出“知人论世”之科学方法。此期史学批评还有三个特点:往往与综合性学术批评混在一起;深受儒家学说影响;极为关注史学的政治功用而未重技术方法。
This article argues that the pre-Qin period is the embryonic stage of Chinese historical criticism, discusses the appearance of the historical criticism at this stage, and helps to understand the development path and characteristics of Chinese historical criticism. There are four aspects in this issue about the historical value, such as knowing things about gains and losses, punishing evil and persuading good and evil, giving advice on governance and providing benefits to the people. There are three aspects of compilation of history books: “things”, “wen” and “righteousness” The quality of historians has established the two standards of “good history” such as “knowledgeableness” and “non-implicitness of calligraphy.” Criticism of the self-examination has touched on the purpose and characteristics of general argumentation and inadvertently revealed the science of “knowing others and discussing the world” method. There are three characteristics of this historical criticism: often mixed with comprehensive academic criticism; influenced by Confucianism; and paid close attention to the political function of historiography without focusing on technical methods.