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[摘要] 目的 比较经直肠二维及三维超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检的阳性率,评价这两种方法在临床应用中的价值。 方法 选取既往无前列腺癌病史的60例直肠指检或者前列腺特异抗原(PSA)异常(>4.0ng/mL)的患者,随机分为两组,分别行2D-TRUS及3D-TRUS超声引导下的穿刺活检。 结果 3D-TRUS引导下的前列腺穿刺活检,其前列腺癌的阳性检出率高于2D-TRUS(50.0%∶36.7%),P=0.001,3D-TRUS阳性针数的比例明显高于2D-TRUS,P=0.000。 结论 3D-TRUS超声引导下的前列腺穿刺活检阳性检出率明显高于2D-TRUS。
[关键词] 经直肠前列腺超声;穿刺活检;前列腺肿瘤
[中图分类号] R445.1 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 2095-0616(2014)24-07-04
Comparison of per rectum two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasound guidance in prostatic systematicness puncture biopsy
CHANG Ying YANG Jingchun WANG Ping
Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University,Beijing 100053,China
[Abstract] Objective To compare the positive rate of per rectum two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasound guidance in prostatic systematicness puncture biopsy, to evaluate the value of clinical application of the two methods. Methods 60 patients with digital rectal examination or abnormal of prostatic specific antigen(PSA)(>4.0ng/mL)without past medical history of prostate cancer were divided into two groups who were respectively actualized on prostatic systematicness puncture biopsy of two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasound guidance. Results The positive rate of prostatic cancer of 3D-TRUS(50.0%)in prostatic systematicness puncture biopsy was higher than which of 2D-TRUS(36.7%)(P=0.001), the number of positive needles of 3D-TRUS was obviously higher than which of 2D-TRUS(P=0.000). Conclusion The positive rate of 3D-TRUS in prostatic systematicness puncture biopsy was higher than which of 2D-TRUS.
[Key words] Prostatic ultrasound per rectum; Puncture biopsy; Prostatic neoplasms
前列腺癌是老年患者中最常见的癌症,其位于癌症死因中的第二位[1-2]。经直肠二维灰阶超声(2D-TRUS)引导下穿刺活检是其诊断的临床标准[3]。在临床中,2D-TRUS引导下的穿刺在初筛人群的首次穿刺中阳性率只有30%~40%[4-7],30%~50%前列腺癌容易漏诊[8-9]。此外,由于前列腺癌多灶性的病理学特征,因此,前列腺癌的诊断是唯一没有统一穿刺标准的器官。2D-TRUS的低显示率及解剖结构的影响[10],目前逐渐发展成系统活检及多模态影像指导下的靶向穿刺。近几年来,三维超声(3D-TRUS)引导下的穿刺活检逐步改善了前列腺癌的穿刺质量[11],本研究观察血PSA
水平增高患者,常规行2D-TRUS及3D-TRUS引导下的前列腺穿刺活检,明确两种超声检查在临床中的应用性及局限性。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
全部患者均为2013年1月~ 2014年5月在首都医科大学宣武医院行前列腺穿刺活检患者,共60例,年龄47~70岁,平均(58.1±7.6)岁。所有患者均经2D-TRUS检查怀疑前列腺有局灶性病变,并且PSA升高(>4.0μg/L)。剔除已行过前列腺疾病治疗及临床上明确诊断为前列腺炎的患者及有严重心肺功能障碍、出凝血功能障碍、严重过敏史的患者。所有患者前列腺穿刺标本均经病理检查。
本研究获准医院伦理委员会批准。所有受试者在进行经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检前均被告知实验研究目的和研究方案,并签署知情同意书。
1.2 仪器及方法
应用飞利浦-Elite 3D经直肠探头进行实时3D超声显像及重建。超声探头频率为4~8MHz。图像扫查从尖部至基底部,图像存储穿刺针点及针道。三维所形成的前列腺图像称之为全景图像,通过重建三个角度获得的数据而获得,穿刺针发出后停留于前列腺体内,并传输到工作中。穿刺针道表现为高回声,针道的近端和远端都能够清晰显示出来。 所有入选患者进行预防性应用抗生素,并且在穿刺前12h进行清洗灌肠。检查时患者取左侧卧位,双腿屈曲,膝盖靠向下腹部。所有穿刺均由2位有5年以上穿刺经验的超声医师操作,应用18G穿刺针经行标本取材,组织条长度22mm。穿刺方案选择10点系统穿刺和目标穿刺相结合,10点系统穿刺即前列腺双侧周缘区旁正中、中部、外侧、外侧偏前和移形区各1针,目标穿刺指在超声检查所示前列腺异常声像图表现处穿刺2针。
患者随机分为两组,第一组入选患者30例进行2D-TRUS引导下穿刺活检,第二组入选患者30例行3D-TRUS引导下穿刺活检,穿刺活检由同一位有经验的超声医师进行操作。
病理检查:所有前列腺穿刺活检标本经福尔马林固定后,由一名高年资病理诊断医师进行诊断,如果诊断为前列腺癌,对其进行Gleason评分。
1.3 统计学分析
采用SPSS16.0统计软件。计量资料以()表示行t检验,对于阳性检出率的比较采用x2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
组1及组2中患者的年龄、血清PSA和前列腺体积之间差异无统计学意义。见表1。
在经穿刺活检后明确诊断为前列腺癌的患者中,组1的穿刺阳性率为36.7%(10/30),组2的穿刺阳性率为50.0%(15/30),两者阳性率的比较采用卡方检验,其P=0.001<0.05,因此可以认为两种方法在检出前列腺癌阳性率方面差异具有统计学意义。见表1。
本研究中将穿刺阳性患者根据病理Gleason评分分级,应用卡方检验比较两组之间不同分级内,患者所占比例之间的差异,P值分别为0.23,0.18,0.15,均>0.05,因此,在Gleason评分分级比较中两组无明显差异。统计每组穿刺总针数,分别计算各组中的阳性针数百分比,并对其经行率的比较,其P值为0.000,两组在阳性针数比较中差异具有统计学意义。
3 讨论
半个世纪以来,虽然大家都在努力增加前列腺癌穿刺活检的敏感性及特异性,但是其首次穿刺的阳性率仍然较低,约为30%~40%[4-7](本研究为36.7%)。
首先提高前列腺癌穿刺的阳性率可以通过增加系统穿刺针数和目标穿刺点的数目得以改善[7,9,12-14]。对于2D超声引导下的穿刺活检存在一个明显的局限性,它不能像3D那样精确定位穿刺活检区,其图像仅有助于识别解剖标志。这些导致错误的取样和穿刺定位[15]。其次,经直肠超声技术的发展关注于改善跟踪穿刺针的位置,在这种实时3D超声引导下能够准确地跟踪穿刺针位置及定位。计算机帮助3D超声定位系统每次穿刺都能在实时状态下,并且精确记录每次穿刺在前列腺实体中的位置,这样可以足够地覆盖感兴趣区。许多研究表明,前列腺癌较高阳性率是基于3D超声引导下的定位系统[16-21]。
本研究是在2D或3D超声引导下的系统穿刺对照研究。结果显示,3D超声定位系统穿刺活检与2D超声相比明显提高了前列腺癌的阳性检出率。其原因可能是由于定位的精确性。另外,本研究还发现,两组阳性针数所占比率有着显著差异(35.2% vs 8.4%)。目前,前列腺癌的诊断遇到的挑战是明确那些有临床意义的患者。所有的前列腺穿刺必须找出有临床意义的癌。许多研究表明,不同的穿刺方案已经提高了前列腺癌的发现能力,但是很少有研究去探讨有临床意义的癌。3D超声是较易掌握、独立完成及不需要额外的材料就能进行的经直肠前列腺穿刺活检。它是唯一后期需要分析的超声图像,可以为前列腺术中做指导。除此之外,这种新型的软件需要3D图像数据和穿刺组织学数据相结合,这样更有利于靶向治疗。空间定位穿刺有助于随访患者的再次穿刺定位及PSA升高患者的穿刺定位。
此外,MRI/TRUS融合成像对可疑部位的定位,提高了前列腺癌的诊断和治疗[18,22]。目前,实时MRI引导下穿刺技术临床已在应用[23],但是其存在费用昂贵,实施操作性差,时间长的缺点,临床应用普遍性差。因此3D超声影像新技术的出现将对前列腺癌穿刺活检的检出具有重要的临床价值。
本研究的局限性在于样本数量少、前列腺癌的诊断及组织病理分级均来自于穿刺活检组织标本,如在手术切除标本病理基础上进行研究,结果将会更为可靠。
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(收稿日期:2014-11-03)
[关键词] 经直肠前列腺超声;穿刺活检;前列腺肿瘤
[中图分类号] R445.1 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 2095-0616(2014)24-07-04
Comparison of per rectum two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasound guidance in prostatic systematicness puncture biopsy
CHANG Ying YANG Jingchun WANG Ping
Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University,Beijing 100053,China
[Abstract] Objective To compare the positive rate of per rectum two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasound guidance in prostatic systematicness puncture biopsy, to evaluate the value of clinical application of the two methods. Methods 60 patients with digital rectal examination or abnormal of prostatic specific antigen(PSA)(>4.0ng/mL)without past medical history of prostate cancer were divided into two groups who were respectively actualized on prostatic systematicness puncture biopsy of two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasound guidance. Results The positive rate of prostatic cancer of 3D-TRUS(50.0%)in prostatic systematicness puncture biopsy was higher than which of 2D-TRUS(36.7%)(P=0.001), the number of positive needles of 3D-TRUS was obviously higher than which of 2D-TRUS(P=0.000). Conclusion The positive rate of 3D-TRUS in prostatic systematicness puncture biopsy was higher than which of 2D-TRUS.
[Key words] Prostatic ultrasound per rectum; Puncture biopsy; Prostatic neoplasms
前列腺癌是老年患者中最常见的癌症,其位于癌症死因中的第二位[1-2]。经直肠二维灰阶超声(2D-TRUS)引导下穿刺活检是其诊断的临床标准[3]。在临床中,2D-TRUS引导下的穿刺在初筛人群的首次穿刺中阳性率只有30%~40%[4-7],30%~50%前列腺癌容易漏诊[8-9]。此外,由于前列腺癌多灶性的病理学特征,因此,前列腺癌的诊断是唯一没有统一穿刺标准的器官。2D-TRUS的低显示率及解剖结构的影响[10],目前逐渐发展成系统活检及多模态影像指导下的靶向穿刺。近几年来,三维超声(3D-TRUS)引导下的穿刺活检逐步改善了前列腺癌的穿刺质量[11],本研究观察血PSA
水平增高患者,常规行2D-TRUS及3D-TRUS引导下的前列腺穿刺活检,明确两种超声检查在临床中的应用性及局限性。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
全部患者均为2013年1月~ 2014年5月在首都医科大学宣武医院行前列腺穿刺活检患者,共60例,年龄47~70岁,平均(58.1±7.6)岁。所有患者均经2D-TRUS检查怀疑前列腺有局灶性病变,并且PSA升高(>4.0μg/L)。剔除已行过前列腺疾病治疗及临床上明确诊断为前列腺炎的患者及有严重心肺功能障碍、出凝血功能障碍、严重过敏史的患者。所有患者前列腺穿刺标本均经病理检查。
本研究获准医院伦理委员会批准。所有受试者在进行经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检前均被告知实验研究目的和研究方案,并签署知情同意书。
1.2 仪器及方法
应用飞利浦-Elite 3D经直肠探头进行实时3D超声显像及重建。超声探头频率为4~8MHz。图像扫查从尖部至基底部,图像存储穿刺针点及针道。三维所形成的前列腺图像称之为全景图像,通过重建三个角度获得的数据而获得,穿刺针发出后停留于前列腺体内,并传输到工作中。穿刺针道表现为高回声,针道的近端和远端都能够清晰显示出来。 所有入选患者进行预防性应用抗生素,并且在穿刺前12h进行清洗灌肠。检查时患者取左侧卧位,双腿屈曲,膝盖靠向下腹部。所有穿刺均由2位有5年以上穿刺经验的超声医师操作,应用18G穿刺针经行标本取材,组织条长度22mm。穿刺方案选择10点系统穿刺和目标穿刺相结合,10点系统穿刺即前列腺双侧周缘区旁正中、中部、外侧、外侧偏前和移形区各1针,目标穿刺指在超声检查所示前列腺异常声像图表现处穿刺2针。
患者随机分为两组,第一组入选患者30例进行2D-TRUS引导下穿刺活检,第二组入选患者30例行3D-TRUS引导下穿刺活检,穿刺活检由同一位有经验的超声医师进行操作。
病理检查:所有前列腺穿刺活检标本经福尔马林固定后,由一名高年资病理诊断医师进行诊断,如果诊断为前列腺癌,对其进行Gleason评分。
1.3 统计学分析
采用SPSS16.0统计软件。计量资料以()表示行t检验,对于阳性检出率的比较采用x2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
组1及组2中患者的年龄、血清PSA和前列腺体积之间差异无统计学意义。见表1。
在经穿刺活检后明确诊断为前列腺癌的患者中,组1的穿刺阳性率为36.7%(10/30),组2的穿刺阳性率为50.0%(15/30),两者阳性率的比较采用卡方检验,其P=0.001<0.05,因此可以认为两种方法在检出前列腺癌阳性率方面差异具有统计学意义。见表1。
本研究中将穿刺阳性患者根据病理Gleason评分分级,应用卡方检验比较两组之间不同分级内,患者所占比例之间的差异,P值分别为0.23,0.18,0.15,均>0.05,因此,在Gleason评分分级比较中两组无明显差异。统计每组穿刺总针数,分别计算各组中的阳性针数百分比,并对其经行率的比较,其P值为0.000,两组在阳性针数比较中差异具有统计学意义。
3 讨论
半个世纪以来,虽然大家都在努力增加前列腺癌穿刺活检的敏感性及特异性,但是其首次穿刺的阳性率仍然较低,约为30%~40%[4-7](本研究为36.7%)。
首先提高前列腺癌穿刺的阳性率可以通过增加系统穿刺针数和目标穿刺点的数目得以改善[7,9,12-14]。对于2D超声引导下的穿刺活检存在一个明显的局限性,它不能像3D那样精确定位穿刺活检区,其图像仅有助于识别解剖标志。这些导致错误的取样和穿刺定位[15]。其次,经直肠超声技术的发展关注于改善跟踪穿刺针的位置,在这种实时3D超声引导下能够准确地跟踪穿刺针位置及定位。计算机帮助3D超声定位系统每次穿刺都能在实时状态下,并且精确记录每次穿刺在前列腺实体中的位置,这样可以足够地覆盖感兴趣区。许多研究表明,前列腺癌较高阳性率是基于3D超声引导下的定位系统[16-21]。
本研究是在2D或3D超声引导下的系统穿刺对照研究。结果显示,3D超声定位系统穿刺活检与2D超声相比明显提高了前列腺癌的阳性检出率。其原因可能是由于定位的精确性。另外,本研究还发现,两组阳性针数所占比率有着显著差异(35.2% vs 8.4%)。目前,前列腺癌的诊断遇到的挑战是明确那些有临床意义的患者。所有的前列腺穿刺必须找出有临床意义的癌。许多研究表明,不同的穿刺方案已经提高了前列腺癌的发现能力,但是很少有研究去探讨有临床意义的癌。3D超声是较易掌握、独立完成及不需要额外的材料就能进行的经直肠前列腺穿刺活检。它是唯一后期需要分析的超声图像,可以为前列腺术中做指导。除此之外,这种新型的软件需要3D图像数据和穿刺组织学数据相结合,这样更有利于靶向治疗。空间定位穿刺有助于随访患者的再次穿刺定位及PSA升高患者的穿刺定位。
此外,MRI/TRUS融合成像对可疑部位的定位,提高了前列腺癌的诊断和治疗[18,22]。目前,实时MRI引导下穿刺技术临床已在应用[23],但是其存在费用昂贵,实施操作性差,时间长的缺点,临床应用普遍性差。因此3D超声影像新技术的出现将对前列腺癌穿刺活检的检出具有重要的临床价值。
本研究的局限性在于样本数量少、前列腺癌的诊断及组织病理分级均来自于穿刺活检组织标本,如在手术切除标本病理基础上进行研究,结果将会更为可靠。
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(收稿日期:2014-11-03)