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公元前五至四世纪的希腊以雅典为首的先进城邦,不但经济繁荣,民主政治达到其鼎盛阶段;而且在文化方面也出现了百花齐放、百家争鸣的局面:绚丽多彩的希腊神话、宏伟壮观的荷马史诗、短小精悍的伊索寓言、精彩纷呈而寓意深刻的戏剧、富丽堂煌的建筑和精致的雕刻,使古希腊人陶醉在文艺百花园中。然而这一切成果不是在和平气氛中,而是在紧张激烈的平民反贵族斗争中取得的。这一斗争在哲学思想战线上呈现了唯心主义和唯物主义两军对垒的阵势。
From the 5th to 4th centuries BC, the advanced city-state of Greece led by Athens not only prospered economy but also attained its heyday in democratic politics. In addition, there emerged a flourishing and culturally contested situation: gorgeous Greek mythology, magnificent Homer Epic poetry, ephemeral Aesop’s Fables, colorful and profound drama, magnificent architecture and exquisite carving make the ancient Greeks intoxicated with flowers and gardens. However, all these achievements are not made in a climate of peace but in the anti-aristocratic struggle against civilians. This struggle presents the battle against the idealistic and materialistic forces on the philosophical thought front.