历史学习中经常会遇到一些和方位词相关的概念,如“自上而下”“自下而上”“左派”“右派”“左倾”“右倾”“左翼”“东方”“西方”“西学东渐”“东西冷战”“南北对话”“南南合作”等等,这些概念看似方位概念,实际上主要是政治概念。以下试作简要解释。1.“上”“下”。在世界近代史中,俄国1861年改革、日本明治维新是自上而下的资产阶级改革;德意志统一是通过自上而下的王朝战争实现的;英国资产阶级革命、美国独立战争、法国大革命是自下而上的资产阶级革命。在中国近代史上,资产阶级 History learning often encounters some concepts related to bearing words, such as “top-to-bottom” “bottom-up”“left”“left”“left”“ right-leaning ”“Left”“East ”“Western ”“West learning ”East “Cold West ”“South South dialogue” “South-South cooperation” and so on, these concepts seemingly The concept of orientation is actually primarily a political concept. The following test briefly explained. 1.“Up”“Down”. In the modern history of the world, the reform of Russia in 1861 and the Meiji Reform of Japan were the top-down bourgeois reforms; the unification of Germany was achieved through a top-down dynasty war; the British bourgeois revolution, the American Revolutionary War, and the French Revolution were Bottom-up bourgeois revolution. In modern Chinese history, the bourgeoisie