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一唯物辩证法认为,物质世界处于纵横交错的普遍联系之中。普遍联系包括横向联系和纵向联系。横向联系指特定时间上的空间联系即类空联系;纵向联系指前后相继的时间联系即类时联系。一般地,事物的横向联系构成系统,纵向联系构成过程。系统就是由若干相互联系和相互作用的元素构成的有机整体。元素即是构成系统的基本单元,又是一个子系统。过程是指系统状态或系统时空层次的变化序列。过程具体地表现为系统运转在“四维流型”中的不同时空层次上,所呈现出来的前后相继的不同状态的集合体,抽象地表现为“四维流型”中的系统运转所经过的连继的时间系列集合。过程是系统运转时间延续性的表现即历时性的表现。就过程不过是系统全部历史状态的整体而言,不妨把过程叫做纵向的系统(广义的系统)即过程系统或类时系统,把系统(狭义的系
A materialist dialectics believes that the material world is in a crisscross and universal relationship. Universal contacts include horizontal and vertical links. Horizontal contact refers to the spatial contact at a specific time, that is, the class-space contact. Vertical contact refers to the time-and-contact relationship, ie, the class-time contact. In general, the horizontal relationship of things constitute the system, vertical contact formation process. System is composed of a number of interrelated and interactive elements of the organic whole. Elements that constitute the basic unit of the system, but also a subsystem. Process refers to the system status or system level changes in space-time series. The process is concretely expressed as that the system operates at different levels of time and space in the “four-dimensional flow pattern”, and the aggregated bodies of different states which appear in succession are abstractedly represented by the system running in the “four-dimensional flow pattern” Following the time series collection. The process is a manifestation of the continuity of the system’s operation time, ie, the performance of time. As far as the process is concerned, the whole historical state of the system as a whole may wish to call the process a vertical system (a broad system), ie, a process system or a time-like system. The system