Unit 15
　　
　　1.As Kofi Annan, Secretary General of the United Nations said “…each contribution—no matter how small—can help make a difference.”正如联合国秘书长科菲•安南所说的那样:“每一份贡献——无论多么微不足道——都能创造出奇迹。”
　　contribution n.
　　(1)[U]捐助;[C]捐献的钱(物品)
　　I give a ten-dollar contribution to the church every Sunday. 我每个星期日捐10美元给教会。
　　(2)贡献,贡献物
　　He has made great contributions to a space development program.
　　他对太空发展计划有很大的贡献。
　　[发散思维]contribute vt. & vi.(+to)捐助;对……有贡献;投稿给……;有助于,促进
　　contributor n.捐赠者,捐款人;投稿人 contributory adj.捐赠的,捐助的
　　no matter
　　(1)no matter与what/who/which/when/where/how等连用,表示“无论……,不管……”等意,引导让步状语从句。
　　No matter what he says, I won’t believe him. 无论他说什么,我都不会相信他。
　　No matter what difficulties you may meet, come to me for help.
　　无论你遇到什么困难,来找我好了。
　　He failed again and again no matter how hard he tried.
　　无论他怎么努力,结果却总是一次又一次的失败。
　　He left a bad name no matter where he stayed. 不管到了哪里,他总是臭名远扬。
　　(2)no matter when(how, what, who, where, which)引导让步状语从句时,可以分别用whenever(however, whatever, whoever, wherever, whichever)这些从属连词代替。
　　Whoever wants to visit the museum, he is allowed.
　　无论什么人想参观这个博物馆,都是被允许的。
　　However hard she tried, nothing seemed to work. 不管她怎么努力,好像都没什么效果。
　　(3)另外,whatever, whoever等从属连词还可以引导名词性从句,该从句相当于anything that…, anyone who…等。这时不能用no matter what(who)等来代替。
　　Whoever wants to go there can sign here.=Anyone who wants to go there can sign here.
　　任何想去那儿的人都可以在这儿签字(名)。
　　2. …and they are also discovering that being a volunteer brings many personal benefits. ……,他们也发现作为一名志愿者能使自己受益颇多。
　　benefit
　　(1)n.利益,恩惠,益处
　　I got a lot of benefit from learning a foreign language. 从学习外语中我获得许多益处。
　　(2)vt.对……有益
　　The sea air will benefit you. 海洋空气对你有益。
　　(3)vi.(因……)得到得益,受惠
　　I benefited enormously from my father’s advice. 我从父亲的忠告中获益很多。
　　Those Chinese students who go abroad at an early age benefit from mother tongue teaching.
　　那些年龄很小就出国的中国学生得益于母语教学。
　　[发散思维]beneficial adj. 有益的,有利的,有帮助的; beneficially adv.有益地
　　beneficiary n.受惠者,受益人
　　[开放思维]be of benefit to 对……有裨益/有好处; for the benefit of为了……(的利益)
　　3.Mr Zhao’s enthusiasm has inspired Lu Hao to concentrate more on history lessons… 赵先生(学习历史)的热情感染了陆皓,使他更专心地学习历史……
　　inspire vt.
　　(1)振奋(人),鼓舞,激励
　　We were inspired by his speech. 我们被他的演说所激励。
　　The teacher inspired us to greater efforts. 老师激励我们更加努力。
　　(2)引发(某人的)(感情、思想等),激起
　　The father inspired confidence in his son.=The father inspired his son with confidence.
　　那位父亲激发了儿子的信心。
　　(3)赋予……灵感;使……成为原动力,促使
　　The memory of his childhood inspired his first novel. 儿时的回忆促使他写成第一部小说。
　　[发散思维]inspiration n. 灵感,启示; inspiring adj.鼓舞的,激励的
　　inspired adj.(人、作品)得到灵感的,有灵感的,非常好的
　　concentrate
　　(1)vt. & vi.集中(注意力、努力等于……上);专心,专注于
　　He concentrated his energies on/upon studying. 他把精力专注于研究上。
　　We concentrated on the task before us. 我们专注于眼前的任务。
　　(2)vt. & vi.集中(于一点),汇合
　　The soldiers concentrated outside the town for the attack.
　　士兵们集结在城镇外围,准备发动攻击。
　　Authority was concentrated in the president. 政权集于总统一身。
　　[发散思维]concentrated adj.集中的;强烈的;浓缩的
　　concentration n.(注意力等的)集中,专心;(人口等的)集中;浓缩,浓度
　　[链接]concentrate one’s mind onfix one’s mind on/uponfocus one’s mind onapply one’s mind onput one’s heart into专心于……
　　4. Education is essential to poverty relief, … 想摆脱贫困,教育是绝对必要的,……
　　essential
　　(1)adj.必不可少的,绝对必要的,极为重要的
　　Sun and water are essential to the growth of crops. 阳光和水是作物生长所必不可少的。
　　(2)adj.本质的,根本的(通常置于名词前)
　　There is no essential difference between the two methods.
　　这两种方法本质上并没有什么不同之处。
　　(3)n.本质,实质,要素,要点[C](通常用复数)
　　We’ve time to pack only the basic essentials. 我们只有整理基本要点的时间。
　　[开放思维]It is essential that… ……是绝对必要的。
　　It is essential (for sb.) to do… (某人)做……是绝对必要的。
　　5.Last month I took part in an event to help starving children in some of the least developed countries. 上个月,我参加了一项救助某些最不发达国家受饿儿童的活动。
　　starve
　　(1)vt.饿死
　　They got lost in the desert and starved to death. 他们在沙漠中迷了路,饥饿而死。
　　(2)vi.挨饿
　　What time’s dinner? I am starving! 什么时候开饭?我饿坏了!
　　(3)vt. 使挨饿,使饿死
　　The animals were left to starve to death. 那些动物只能等着饿死。
　　(4)vt.渴望,极需要
　　I’ve been starving to see you. 我一直很想与你见面。
　　[发散思维]starving adj.挨饿的; starvation n.饥饿,饿死
　　[开放思维]be starved of 缺乏;渴望,极需要(爱情等); starve for 急需,渴望; starve to death饿死
　　6.…, but it was about sixty years before people started to buy jeans for fashion as well as for work. ……,但在大约60年以后,人们才开始把牛仔裤既作为工作服装又当成一种时尚服装。
　　as well as
　　(1)和……一样好
　　Jack does as well as Tom in the army. 杰克在军队中的表现和汤姆一样好。
　　(2)既……又……;不仅……而且……([同] not only…but also…;[反]neither…nor…)
　　He gave me clothes as well as food. 他既给我食物,又给我衣服。
　　[开放思维]just as well 还是……好,不妨 as well还是……的好;也,又
　　<注意>主语后接as well as, with, together with, rather than, no less than, but, like, except, besides, along with, including等连接名词时,谓语动词与短语前面的名词在人称和数上保持一致。
　　辨析:as good as, as well as与as well
　　(1)as good as有两种用法:good作为形容词进行同等比较,意为“如同……一样好”;作为固定词组表示“实际上,事实上,和……几乎一样”,常放在所修饰的动词、形容词之前。
　　The place where we live is as good as the one where you live.
　　我们生活的地方和你们的一样好。
　　What he did has as good as shown his attitude. 他的行为实际上已经表明了他的态度。
　　(2)as well as也有两种用法:用于副词同等比较,译为“如同……一样好”;作为一个复合并列连词,表示“既……又……,不但……而且……”,连接两个主语时,侧重点在第一个主语,谓语应与第一个主语在人称和数上保持一致。翻译时,先译后者,再译前者。
　　You do as well as he does. 你做得如同他做得一样好。
　　He as well as I is responsible for it. 对于这件事,不仅是我,他也有责任。
　　(3)as well只作副词,有两种意义:表示“还是……好”,常用于may或might句中;表示“同样也”,相当于too,通常用于句末。
　　You might as well leave at once, for the headmaster prohibited students from coming in.
　　你最好还是马上离开,因为校长不许学生进来。
　　Water is necessary for people; it is necessary for animals as well.
　　对人来讲,水是必不可少的,对动物来说也是这样。
　　7.This made jeans even more popular in the evenings and at weekends. 这使得牛仔裤在晚上和周末时更加流行。
　　even more popular更加流行
　　修饰形容词和副词的比较级的常见词:
　　(1)a little, a bit等用于肯定句,表示程度较轻,可意为“有点儿,有些,稍微”。
　　This book is a little easier than that one for us to read.
　　对于我们来说,这本书读起来比那本稍容易。
　　She arrived a bit earlier than expected. 她到的比预期的早点。
　　(2)much, a lot, rather, by far, a great deal, far等用于肯定句,可意为“……得多”。
　　He is much older, but much more energetic than I am.
　　他虽然年龄比我大,但精力比我充沛。
　　She is feeling a lot better today. 今天她感觉好多了。
　　I did rather worse this time. 这次我做得相当糟。
　　She speaks English far better than her classmates. 她的英语说得比她的同学好多了。
　　<注意>如果比较级前面没有the,那么by far需后置;如果比较级前面有the,那么 by far常前置。by far也可以用于修饰最高级,其位置可前可后,且不与than连用。
　　He is taller than his brother by far. 他比他弟弟高得多。
　　She is by far the taller of the two sisters. 她显然是两姐妹中比较高的。
　　She is the best by far.=She is by far the best. 她显然是最优秀的。
　　(3)even, still, all the等用于肯定句,表示“更加,甚至”。even常用于与另一事物比较,still常用于自身的比较。
　　That book is interesting, but this one is even more interesting.
　　那本书很有趣,但这本书更有趣。
　　The patient looked still worse today than yesterday. 今天病人的状态看上去比昨天更差了。
　　As a result, the rich became all the richer. 结果,富人更加富裕了。
　　(4)no, not any用于否定句、疑问句,表示“一点也不,不比”。
　　We went no farther than the gate. 我们只走到门口。
　　(5)用“数词+名词”表示差额程度。
　　The river is two hundred metres longer than that one. 这条河比那条河长200米。
　　He is two years younger than I. 他比我小两岁。
　　(6)用倍数表示相差程度。
　　This hall is two times larger than that one.=This hall is three times as large as that one.
　　=This hall is three times the size of that one. 这个大厅是那个的3倍大。
　　(7)用分数或百分比来表示差额程度。
　　The population of China is two fifths larger than that of that country.
　　中国的人口比那个国家的人口多五分之二。
　　This year we plan to produce 20% more computers than we did last year.
　　今年我们计划比去年多生产20% 的计算机。
　　8.Denim jeans are a symbol of the global teenager and it seems likely that they will remain part of international youth culture for many years to come. 斜纹布的牛仔裤是全球青少年的一种象征,并且很有可能在未来的许多年里将仍是国际青少年文化的一部分。
　　likely
　　(1)adj.可能的
　　The train is likely to be late. 这趟火车很可能晚点。
　　(2)adj.有希望的
　　She is the most likely girl to win the prize. 她是最有希望得奖的女孩。
　　(3)be likely to do sth.很可能(发生某种情况)
　　Our team is likely to win the game. 这场比赛我们队很可能赢。
　　(4)It is likely+that-从句
　　It is likely that we’ll go on a picnic in the forest tomorrow. 明天我们很可能去森林里野餐。
　　[发散思维]
　　unlikely adj.不可能的 fatherly adj.父亲般的,慈爱的
　　lovely adj.可爱的 motherly adj.母亲般的
　　deadly adj.致命的,极度的 ugly adj.丑陋的
　　friendly adj.友好的 sisterly adj.姐妹般的,像姐妹的
　　lively adj.活泼的,活跃的,栩栩如生的 brotherly adj.兄弟般的,亲切的
　　manly adj.男子气概的,果断的 lonely adj.孤独的,寂寞的
　　Unit 16
　　9.…he wanted to wear the red shirt and score goals at the famous Old Trafford Stadium in front of thousands of cheering fans. ……他想穿着红色球衣,并在著名的老特拉福德足球场当着成千上万欢呼的球迷的面踢球得分。
　　the red shirt曼联队队服(上衣)是红色的
　　Old Trafford Stadium老特拉福德球场,英格兰足球超级联盟劲旅曼彻斯特联队的主场。位于英国曼彻斯特西部的老特拉福德地区,建于1909年,有68000个座位。第二次世界大战期间曾被严重毁坏。老特拉福球场是1966年世界杯足球的比赛场地之一。
　　in front of 在……前面; in the front of在……内部的前面
　　The teacher spoke to us in the front of the classroom.
　　老师在教室的前面与我们交谈。
　　There is a big tree in front of the classroom. 在教室前面有一棵大树。
　　[开放思维]有the无the意义截然不同:
　　out of the question不可能out of question毫无疑问 in the charge of 由……管理,由……负责in charge of负责(某事)
　　in hospital(生病)住院 in the hospital 在医院里 by the sea 在海边by sea乘船,经海路
　　in the secret 知道这个秘密,参与此事in secret秘密地,暗自地,偷偷地 in the case of 就……而言in case of以防,万一
　　in the care of 由……照看或管理in care of (信)由……转交 in the issue结果 in issue在争议中
　　10.David Beckham accomplished his aim, but what about all the other children with the same dream? 大卫•贝克汉姆达到了他的目标,但是其他怀有同样梦想的孩子们怎么样呢?
　　accomplish vt.完成(任务),达到;做成
　　[发散思维]
　　accomplished adj.竣工的;有才艺的,有造诣的; accomplishment n.完成;成就,成绩
　　It was a great accomplishment to finish the house cleaning in two days.
　　两天内打扫完这栋屋子是件了不起的事。
　　辨析:accomplish, complete与finish
　　(1)accomplish后通常接task, aim, journey, voyage等名词。
　　Give us one more week, and we will accomplish the task.
　　再给我们一周的时间,我们就能完成这项任务。
　　(2)complete比accomplish具体,后可接建筑、工程、书籍等名词,指按预期的目的把未完成的工作经过进一步的努力使之完成,主要含义是“补足缺少的部分”。
　　I need one more stamp before my collection is completed. 我集的邮票还差一张才完整。
　　(3)finish许多情况下可与complete换用,但它不如complete正式,常含有“认真仔细地完成工作的最后阶段的精工修饰,使之完美”。
　　I will go to see you when you finish the training course.
　　当你完成培训课程时我就会去看你。
　　[开放思维]be accomplished in… 擅长……; be good at… 擅长……
　　11.Instead the employers—the football clubs—find players with the right abilities and offer them employment. 相反,雇主,也就是足球俱乐部,去发现有所需能力的球员,然后雇用他们。
　　instead adv.代替;反而
　　He is tired, so let me go instead. 他累了,因此让我替他去吧。
　　She never studies. Instead, she plays tennis all day. 她从不学习,而是整天打网球。
　　<注意>instead与instead of表达同样的意思时,句子的结构不同。在上个例句中,也可以换用instead of 来表达。instead是副词,单独位于句首或句尾,因此在表达上句汉语意思时,使用了两个独立的英文句子。instead of用在名词、代词或短语之前。
　　She plays tennis all day instead of studying. 她整天打网球,而不学习。
　　offer v.
　　(1)给予
　　I offered him a glass of wine. 我敬了他一杯酒。
　　(2)提供,建议
　　offer to do sth.(主动)提出要做某事
　　She offered to carry the box for her mother. 她提出要帮她母亲搬箱子。
　　[链接]
　　(1)offer还有“出(价),开(价),提供,出售”的意思。
　　We offered him the house for ￡1000. 我们要价1000英镑卖给他那所房子。
　　We offered him ￡1000 for the house. 我们出价1000英镑向他买那所房子。
　　(2)offer也可作名词,意为“提供,提议,提出;意图,想做;报价,开价,求婚”。
　　He accepted an offer of help. 他接受了援助的建议。
　　12.Top players must have excellent ball control and understand how to use the space on the pitch, … 顶级运动员必须有极好的控球能力并懂得如何利用足球场地,……
　　“疑问词+不定式短语”作understand的宾语。疑问词后面可接带to的动词不定式构成特殊的不定式短语,这一结构在句中可作主语、表语、动词宾语、双重宾语、介词宾语等成分。能够接不定式的疑问词常见的有:who, which, what, when, where, how等,此外,whether后面也可接带to的动词不定式。
　　(1)作主语(主语的谓语动词通常用单数)
　　Where to go tomorrow has not been decided. 明天到什么地方去尚未决定。
　　How to divide labor among the workers is still a question.
　　这些工人之间如何分工仍是个问题。
　　(2)作动词宾语
　　能够接“疑问词+不定式”作宾语的动词常见的有:advise, ask, consider, decide, discuss, explain, forget, know, learn, remember, show, teach, tell, understand, wonder等。
　　He has to learn how to collect water, hunt for food, and make fire.
　　他得学会如何收集淡水、寻找食物和生火。
　　(3)作双重宾语
　　某些动词后面可接“sb.+疑问词+不定式”构成的双重宾语,这类动词常见的有advise, ask, show, teach, tell等。
　　He will advise you what to do. 他会建议你们做什么。
　　Will you show me how to use this machine? 你能给我们示范如何使用这部机器吗?
　　(4)作介词宾语
　　某些介词后面可接“疑问词+不定式”作宾语,这类介词常见的有about, as, from, in, of, on, with等。
　　You also need to learn the basic skills of rafting, such as how to handle the raft, how to paddle and how to get in and out of the raft. 你还需要学习基本划木筏的技巧,比如驾驭木筏的方法,划桨方法,上下木筏的方法。
　　(5)作表语
　　Perhaps the most difficult challenge is how to survive without friends.
　　也许最难熬的挑战就是生活中孤独无友。
　　13.…, but it is not just what they do with their feet that counts. ……,但这不是光凭他们的脚下工夫就行的。
　　that counts是定语从句,修饰what they do with their feet, count的意思是“起作用,有价值”。
　　In an emergency case, every minute counts. 在紧急情况下,每一分钟都很宝贵。
　　Here it’s my words that count. 这里是我说了算。
　　[开放思维]count数,计数; beyond count不计其数,数不尽; count down倒着数; countdown倒计时; count for little简直无足轻重; count for much 关系重大,很有价值; count for nothing毫无价值; Count off!(口令)报数!; count on/upon依靠,期待,指望; count…out把……不计算在内; count…in把……计算在内
　　14.If the players are under sixteen, they still go to school but take part in club training sessions in the evenings and paly in the junior team at weekends. 如果球员年龄低于16岁,除了晚上参加俱乐部训练以及周末参加初级班踢球外,他们仍然要上学。
　　but在这里用作并列连词,另外but也可作介词,意思是“除了”。
　　Nobody knew it but me. 除了我以外,没有人知道这件事。
　　It’s anything but bad. 这完全不是什么坏事。
　　Last evening I did nothing but watch TV. 昨晚我除了看电视,没有做其他的事情。
　　We have no choice but to wait. 除了等待,我们别无选择。
　　[链接]but的特殊用法:
　　(1)but用在否定句后,引起一个分句,意为“每当……总是……”。如:
　　It never rains but it pours. 不下则已,一下倾盆/事情总是接踵而至。
　　I never go past my old school but I think of Mr. Li.
　　每当我经过母校时,总会想起李老师。
　　(2)but for(后常接名词、代词)或but that…意为“要不是……”,句子(主句)常用虚拟语气。如:
　　But for you, we couldn’t have carried out the plan. 要不是你,我们不可能完成那项计划。
　　John would have helped us but that he was short of money at that time.
　　要不是约翰当时缺钱,他一定会帮助我们的。
　　(3)not that…but (that)… 不是……而是……
　　Not that I don’t want to go, but that I have no time. 不是我不想去,而是我没时间。
　　(4)all but除了……都,几乎,差不多
　　His letter is all but finished. 他的信快写完了。
　　(5)anything but 绝不,远非
　　He is anything but an honest man. 他绝不是个诚实的人。
　　15.This is your chance to persuade an employer or educator what a great addition to their company, organization, college or university you would be.这是你说服雇主或教育界人士,让他们相信你会成为他们公司、机构、学院或大学的重要一部分的机会。
　　persuade vt.
　　(1)说服,劝服(+宾语)
　　Despite all my efforts to persuade him, he wouldn’t agree.
　　尽管我竭尽全力劝他,他还是不同意。
　　(2)persuade sb. of sth. 使某人相信某事
　　I persuaded him of its truth. 我使他相信了这件事情的真相。
　　(3)persuade sb. to do sth. 说服某人做某事
　　I persuade him to give up the attempt. 我劝他放弃这个尝试。
　　(4)persuade sb. into/out of doing sth. 说服某人做/不做某事
　　He persuaded her into/out of going to the party. 他说服她参加/不参加这次聚会。
　　(5)persuade用作不及物动词时,意思是“被说服”,在含义上有被动的意思,但不是被动语态。
　　He persuades easily. 他容易被说服。
　　16.…giving evidence of how your interests, qualifications or experience prove that you have the necessary skills. ……通过展示你的兴趣、资格和经验以证明你具备所需的能力。
　　prove
　　(1)vt.证明,证实
　　①prove+名词/代词
　　He has proved his courage in battle. 他已在战斗中证明了他的勇气。
　　②prove+从句
　　I will prove to the world that he is right. 我将向全世界证明他是对的。
　　③prove+宾语+宾补
　　One mad action is not enough to prove a man mad.
　　一次疯狂的行为不足以证明一个人是疯子。
　　(2)vi.(加表语)后来表明;结果是;原来是;果然是(无被动形式)
　　He proved a very good friend. 他的确是个很好的朋友。
　　Perhaps the book will prove (to be) useful, after all. 也许这本书终究会被证明是有用的。