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[摘 要] 智慧是一种运用知识、经验、常识、理解力和洞察力进行思考和行动的能力。在当今动荡变幻、错综复杂的时代，城市发展的重要计划及其实施措施需要有全局观和整体观，要将城市规划成行动者和政策决定者相互关联、相互依靠的开放的生态环境，因而政府应贴近市民。尤其是在智慧城市建设理念下，正义、民主、关注自然和同情与美德应相伴而行。唯有如此，才能兼顾每个城市的特质和文化发展轨迹，达到提高市民生活质量的目的。
[关键词] 智慧城市；城市规则；城市管理；产品福祉
[中图分类号] F29 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1002-8129（2017）08-0115-05
City planning and management has increasingly become fragmented by a wave of concepts that seek to define and frame the new trends in urban development. Terms such as “sustainable city”， “green city”， “eco-city”， “ubiquitous city” and more recently “smart city” have been gaining more traction among urban planners， policymakers and practitioners. They attempt to embrace new models and approaches that help them to design urban policies aimed at meeting pressing challenges such as environmental degradation， climate change， mass urbanisation， migration， growing inequality and the fourth industrial revolution， to name a few.
随着城市发展新趋势的定义和规划概念的纷纷涌现，城市规划和城市管理概念越来越碎片化。“可持续发展城市”“绿色城市”“生态城市”“泛在城市（也称U城市）”和新兴的“智慧城市”等名词日益受到城市规划者、决策者和实践者的重视。他们尝试用新模式、新方法来设计城市政策，以应对环境恶化、气候变化、大规模城市化、移民问题、不均衡发展和第四次工业革命等带来的急迫挑战。
Notwithstanding this， these concepts have not always been able to generate consensus on which urban models should guide policymakers who， regardless of their political ideology， take a long-term view that transcends partisan governments. This also has repercussions on the private sector， which is often conditioned by the vision and strategy framed by the city council. Against this background， we ask ourselves afundamental question： what is the highest aspiration for a city？
尽管如此，这些概念并不能让决策者在某一种模式上达成共识。这些决策者，不论是什么政治意识形态，都具有超越党派政府的长远眼光。缺乏共识也会影响到那些受城市政府的远见和策略调控的私营企业。为此，我们要先回答一个根本问题：一个城市的最高愿望是什么？
Amidst volatility， uncertainty， complexity and ambiguity， leading urban development policies and initiatives requires a holistic vision and approach that conceives of cities as open ecosystems of actors and policy areas that are interrelated and interdependent， but which have a shared aspiration： maximising citizens’ well-being. Often given as the supreme objective in nation-states’ constitutions， in practice national， regional and local governments often dismiss the nature of such statements in the current political system， which is still dominated by the axioms of infinite economic growth and paternalistic international development.
在當今这个动荡不安、充满变数、错综复杂的时代，城市发展的主要政策和计划需要有全局观和整体观，要将城市规划成行动者和决策者相互关联、相互依靠的开放的生态系统，为实现让市民的福祉最大化的共同愿望而努力。这通常被看作是国家宪法的最高目标，而实际上，在现阶段，在以刺激经济的无限增长和家长式作风主导国际化发展的政治体系中，国家、地区和地方政府常常抛弃了“市民福祉最大化”的本质。 In this new paradigm， local governments have the advantage of being closer to their citizens and， thus， of being aware of their dreams and worries much better than national governments， meaning their capacity to respond to their problems and foster their goals should be higher.Such a comprehensive， integral view is reflected in the concept of Wise Cities. Wisdom is the ability to think and act using knowledge， experience， understanding， common sense and insight. This involves an understanding of citizens， contexts， events， situations， and the willingness and ability to apply judgement and action in keeping with the understanding of the optimal course of action. Thus， wisdom involves doing good （the right policies and actions for citizens’ well-being） ） by doing it well （the most efficient mechanism to achieve it）.
在這种新范式中，地方政府的优势在于更贴近市民，也因此比国家政府更能了解市民的梦想和担忧，那么也更有能力回应市民的关切，实现市民的目标。这样的综合观和整体观正是智慧城市这个概念的内涵。智慧是一种运用知识、经验、常识、理解力和洞察力进行思考和行动的能力，要求愿意并且能够理解市民，了解所处环境，认清发生的事件和面临的形势，做出判断，采取行动以保证最佳行动过程。为此，智慧意味着通过好的方法（使用最有效的达成机制）去做好事情（为市民福祉而制定正确政策，采取行动）。
Against this backdrop， the guiding principles of a Wise City are the universal values （or virtues） relating to justice， democracy， care of the natural environment， kindness， compassion and excellence. Indeed， one of the big challenges for this century’s urban planners and managers will be to design an urban model that is human-centred and takes into account each city’s idiosyncrasy and cultural trajectory in order to avoid a “one-size fits all”approach. The ultimate goal of this model should be the improvement of citizens’ quality of life， including the fulfilment of basic needs， the creation of a safe environment， access to opportunities and the pursuit of happiness.
在此背景下，智慧城市的指导方针就是普遍的价值观，关系到正义、民主、关注自然、友善、同情与美德。事实上，本世纪的城市规划者和管理者面临的一个重大挑战，就是要设计一个以人为本同时兼顾每个城市的特质和文化发展轨迹的模式，避免“一刀切”。这个模式的终极目标是提高市民的生活质量，包括满足其基本需求、创造安全的环境、提供同等机会和满足对幸福的追求。
This conceptualisation does not disregard those that have gone before， but includes and transcends them. Sustainability and ecological， green or technology-smartness are also features present in a Wise City， but they are not the end objectives per se： they are a means of improving citizens’ quality of life. The Wise City concept can help us align all interdisciplinary areas of study that take place in the complex ecosystem of cities， organising a science of cities into a common direction or framework. There are no more purposeful approaches to development than wisdom. 上述定义并非摒弃从前的观点，而是对以往观点的包含和超越。可持续性、生态化、环保性和技术智能同样是智慧城市的特点，只是它们本身不是最终目标，而是改善市民生活质量的途径和方法。智慧城市的概念整合了针对城市复杂生态系统的跨学科研究，将城市科学调整为一个共同的方向或者框架。没有比智慧城市更有效的发展方法了。
This vision is conveyed by “Wise Cities - a global think tank network”， which is shaped by fourteen research institutions from all over the world. This initiative aims to influence and inspire local governments， international organisations and policy researchers to better adapt to the current transformations and future challenges that affect urban development.
上述愿景正是 “智慧城市——全球智库网”项目的理念，这个由全球14个研究机构共同形成的项目，旨在影响并激励当地政府、国际组织和政策研究者更好地适应当前转型，更好地迎接影响城市发展的各种挑战。
The Wise City is characterised by the following seven principles：
以下七个原则概括出智慧城市的特点：
（1）People-centred approach： citizens’ well-being is at the heart of policy setting；
以人为本的方法：市民的福祉是制定政策的核心；
（2）Resilience： adapted to each city’s cultural idiosyncrasy， socioeconomic context， environmental setting and overall sustainability；
適应能力：适应每个城市的文化特质、社会经济环境、自然环境和整体的可持续能力；
（3）Techno-culture： technology as a means to improve citizens’ well-being；
技术文化：技术作为提升市民的福祉的方式；
（4）Quadruple helix： integration and engagement of stakeholders through public and private partnerships （citizens， government， private sector， academia）；
四轮联动：通过公私合作关系（市民、政府、私企、学术界）让不同利益群体融合并参与其中；
（5）Trust-building： as a result of stakeholder collaboration， building and consolidation of social capital；
构建信任：基于利益群体的合作，构建和巩固社会资本；
（6）Experiential learning： benchmarking best and worst practices， monitoring and evaluating policies and sharing knowledge gained by experience （intra-city and international cooperation）；
体验式学习：衡量最佳与最差的实践，监管并评价政策，通过同城合作和国际合作获得经验，并分享；
（7）Brand identity and reputation： adopting solutions that suit citizens’ culture， building a brand that inspires.
品牌身份和声誉：采取适合市民文化的方法，创立能鼓舞人心的品牌。
[责任编辑：谭晓影]
[关键词] 智慧城市；城市规则；城市管理；产品福祉
[中图分类号] F29 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1002-8129（2017）08-0115-05
City planning and management has increasingly become fragmented by a wave of concepts that seek to define and frame the new trends in urban development. Terms such as “sustainable city”， “green city”， “eco-city”， “ubiquitous city” and more recently “smart city” have been gaining more traction among urban planners， policymakers and practitioners. They attempt to embrace new models and approaches that help them to design urban policies aimed at meeting pressing challenges such as environmental degradation， climate change， mass urbanisation， migration， growing inequality and the fourth industrial revolution， to name a few.
随着城市发展新趋势的定义和规划概念的纷纷涌现，城市规划和城市管理概念越来越碎片化。“可持续发展城市”“绿色城市”“生态城市”“泛在城市（也称U城市）”和新兴的“智慧城市”等名词日益受到城市规划者、决策者和实践者的重视。他们尝试用新模式、新方法来设计城市政策，以应对环境恶化、气候变化、大规模城市化、移民问题、不均衡发展和第四次工业革命等带来的急迫挑战。
Notwithstanding this， these concepts have not always been able to generate consensus on which urban models should guide policymakers who， regardless of their political ideology， take a long-term view that transcends partisan governments. This also has repercussions on the private sector， which is often conditioned by the vision and strategy framed by the city council. Against this background， we ask ourselves afundamental question： what is the highest aspiration for a city？
尽管如此，这些概念并不能让决策者在某一种模式上达成共识。这些决策者，不论是什么政治意识形态，都具有超越党派政府的长远眼光。缺乏共识也会影响到那些受城市政府的远见和策略调控的私营企业。为此，我们要先回答一个根本问题：一个城市的最高愿望是什么？
Amidst volatility， uncertainty， complexity and ambiguity， leading urban development policies and initiatives requires a holistic vision and approach that conceives of cities as open ecosystems of actors and policy areas that are interrelated and interdependent， but which have a shared aspiration： maximising citizens’ well-being. Often given as the supreme objective in nation-states’ constitutions， in practice national， regional and local governments often dismiss the nature of such statements in the current political system， which is still dominated by the axioms of infinite economic growth and paternalistic international development.
在當今这个动荡不安、充满变数、错综复杂的时代，城市发展的主要政策和计划需要有全局观和整体观，要将城市规划成行动者和决策者相互关联、相互依靠的开放的生态系统，为实现让市民的福祉最大化的共同愿望而努力。这通常被看作是国家宪法的最高目标，而实际上，在现阶段，在以刺激经济的无限增长和家长式作风主导国际化发展的政治体系中，国家、地区和地方政府常常抛弃了“市民福祉最大化”的本质。 In this new paradigm， local governments have the advantage of being closer to their citizens and， thus， of being aware of their dreams and worries much better than national governments， meaning their capacity to respond to their problems and foster their goals should be higher.Such a comprehensive， integral view is reflected in the concept of Wise Cities. Wisdom is the ability to think and act using knowledge， experience， understanding， common sense and insight. This involves an understanding of citizens， contexts， events， situations， and the willingness and ability to apply judgement and action in keeping with the understanding of the optimal course of action. Thus， wisdom involves doing good （the right policies and actions for citizens’ well-being） ） by doing it well （the most efficient mechanism to achieve it）.
在這种新范式中，地方政府的优势在于更贴近市民，也因此比国家政府更能了解市民的梦想和担忧，那么也更有能力回应市民的关切，实现市民的目标。这样的综合观和整体观正是智慧城市这个概念的内涵。智慧是一种运用知识、经验、常识、理解力和洞察力进行思考和行动的能力，要求愿意并且能够理解市民，了解所处环境，认清发生的事件和面临的形势，做出判断，采取行动以保证最佳行动过程。为此，智慧意味着通过好的方法（使用最有效的达成机制）去做好事情（为市民福祉而制定正确政策，采取行动）。
Against this backdrop， the guiding principles of a Wise City are the universal values （or virtues） relating to justice， democracy， care of the natural environment， kindness， compassion and excellence. Indeed， one of the big challenges for this century’s urban planners and managers will be to design an urban model that is human-centred and takes into account each city’s idiosyncrasy and cultural trajectory in order to avoid a “one-size fits all”approach. The ultimate goal of this model should be the improvement of citizens’ quality of life， including the fulfilment of basic needs， the creation of a safe environment， access to opportunities and the pursuit of happiness.
在此背景下，智慧城市的指导方针就是普遍的价值观，关系到正义、民主、关注自然、友善、同情与美德。事实上，本世纪的城市规划者和管理者面临的一个重大挑战，就是要设计一个以人为本同时兼顾每个城市的特质和文化发展轨迹的模式，避免“一刀切”。这个模式的终极目标是提高市民的生活质量，包括满足其基本需求、创造安全的环境、提供同等机会和满足对幸福的追求。
This conceptualisation does not disregard those that have gone before， but includes and transcends them. Sustainability and ecological， green or technology-smartness are also features present in a Wise City， but they are not the end objectives per se： they are a means of improving citizens’ quality of life. The Wise City concept can help us align all interdisciplinary areas of study that take place in the complex ecosystem of cities， organising a science of cities into a common direction or framework. There are no more purposeful approaches to development than wisdom. 上述定义并非摒弃从前的观点，而是对以往观点的包含和超越。可持续性、生态化、环保性和技术智能同样是智慧城市的特点，只是它们本身不是最终目标，而是改善市民生活质量的途径和方法。智慧城市的概念整合了针对城市复杂生态系统的跨学科研究，将城市科学调整为一个共同的方向或者框架。没有比智慧城市更有效的发展方法了。
This vision is conveyed by “Wise Cities - a global think tank network”， which is shaped by fourteen research institutions from all over the world. This initiative aims to influence and inspire local governments， international organisations and policy researchers to better adapt to the current transformations and future challenges that affect urban development.
上述愿景正是 “智慧城市——全球智库网”项目的理念，这个由全球14个研究机构共同形成的项目，旨在影响并激励当地政府、国际组织和政策研究者更好地适应当前转型，更好地迎接影响城市发展的各种挑战。
The Wise City is characterised by the following seven principles：
以下七个原则概括出智慧城市的特点：
（1）People-centred approach： citizens’ well-being is at the heart of policy setting；
以人为本的方法：市民的福祉是制定政策的核心；
（2）Resilience： adapted to each city’s cultural idiosyncrasy， socioeconomic context， environmental setting and overall sustainability；
適应能力：适应每个城市的文化特质、社会经济环境、自然环境和整体的可持续能力；
（3）Techno-culture： technology as a means to improve citizens’ well-being；
技术文化：技术作为提升市民的福祉的方式；
（4）Quadruple helix： integration and engagement of stakeholders through public and private partnerships （citizens， government， private sector， academia）；
四轮联动：通过公私合作关系（市民、政府、私企、学术界）让不同利益群体融合并参与其中；
（5）Trust-building： as a result of stakeholder collaboration， building and consolidation of social capital；
构建信任：基于利益群体的合作，构建和巩固社会资本；
（6）Experiential learning： benchmarking best and worst practices， monitoring and evaluating policies and sharing knowledge gained by experience （intra-city and international cooperation）；
体验式学习：衡量最佳与最差的实践，监管并评价政策，通过同城合作和国际合作获得经验，并分享；
（7）Brand identity and reputation： adopting solutions that suit citizens’ culture， building a brand that inspires.
品牌身份和声誉：采取适合市民文化的方法，创立能鼓舞人心的品牌。
[责任编辑：谭晓影]