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河南省是全国油菜主产省之一,油菜遗传育种成效显著,全省平均产量居全国先进水平。综述了河南省油菜遗传育种、杂种优势利用等的研究进展及其主要成效,以期为今后的油菜遗传育种工作提供参考。针对近年来油菜产业发展中存在的生产成本偏高、专用型品种缺乏、保健型油脂需求旺盛等问题,及时调整了育种目标,在高产、优质、抗病的基础上,又开辟了高油、高油酸、适应机械化、耐迟播等新的研究方向;在育种技术上加强了游离小孢子培养技术、分子标记辅助选择技术的研究,并建立了相应的高效技术体系;加强了优异种质资源创新研究,创制和建立了稳定的高油、高油酸、低亚麻酸、抗寒、抗旱、抗裂荚、花色变异等各具特色的育种群体和新的种质资源;育成了一批强优势双低(即低芥酸、低硫苷)油菜杂交种和高油双低新品种,其在产量、品质和抗逆性等方面均有显著提高,为油菜新品种的更新换代和增产增收提供了强有力的技术支撑;2003—2014年,河南省油菜平均产量高于全国平均水平21.84%。最后提出了今后河南省油菜育种的目标,即选育在品质、产量、抗逆性、生产效率(肥料利用率高、适合机械化)和生态安全(少用农药)等方面都得到改善和提高的油菜品种。
Henan Province is one of the major provinces of rapeseed production in China, rapeseed genetics and breeding effect is remarkable, the province’s average output ranks the nation’s advanced level. The research progress and major achievements of genetic breeding, utilization of heterosis and so on in rapeseed in Henan Province were reviewed in order to provide references for future genetic breeding of rapeseed. In view of the problems such as high production cost, lack of special-purpose varieties and strong demand for health-care oils in the development of rapeseed industry in recent years, the breeding target was adjusted in a timely manner. On the basis of high yield, high quality and disease resistance, High oleic acid, adaptability to mechanization, late retarding and other new research directions; in breeding technology to strengthen the technology of free microspore culture, molecular marker-assisted selection technology and the establishment of the corresponding high-performance technology system; strengthen the excellent germplasm Resources innovation research, creation and establishment of a stable high oil, high oleic acid, low linolenic acid, cold, drought, anti-pod, flower color variations and other distinctive breeding groups and new germplasm resources; bred Strong low-erucic acid (low erucic acid, low glucosinolate) rape hybrids and high-oil double low-low variety, its yield, quality and resistance have significantly increased, for the new varieties of rapeseed replacement and increase The revenue provided a strong technical support; 2003-2014, Henan Province, the average yield of rapeseed was higher than the national average of 21.84%. Finally, the goal of rapeseed breeding in Henan Province was put forward at last, that is, breeding has been improved and improved in terms of quality, yield, resistance, production efficiency (high utilization rate of fertilizer, mechanization) and ecological safety Rape varieties.