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欧美学者于2017年推出了新生儿急性呼吸窘迫综合征（neonatal acute respiratory distress syndrome, nARDS）的蒙特勒标准，国内学者近十多年来关于nARDS特殊性和重要性的强烈主张获得支持。新生儿特发性呼吸窘迫综合征的主因是原发性肺表面活性物质系统功能不足，病理和临床表现一般都呈现典型呼吸窘迫综合征的单束集合；而nARDS的病因在主因外尚叠加有原发病因，病理和临床表现则是在呼吸窘迫综合征外叠加有原发病的多束集合。可见， “叠加”贯穿nARDS病因学、病理学、诊断学、治疗学的全过程。因此，读懂“叠加” ，对准确把握和推动该领域的临床实践具有积极作用。“,”The Montreux definition established in 2017 made it clear that the neonates can not be excluded from the diagnosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which supported the urge of emphasizing the specificity and importance of neonatal ARDS (nARDS) in the past ten years in China. Neonatal idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome is caused primarily by insufficient pulmonary surfactant system, which pathologically and clinically presented as typical respiratory distress syndrome. While the causes of nARDS often coexisted with underlying conditions, and its pathological and clinical features are a superposition of both respiratory distress syndrome and underlying conditions. Therefore, superimposition is the key to understanding the etiology, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of nARDS, which is crucial for optimizing the clinical practice of nARDS.